Amino Acids Glycine is the smallest of the amino acids. It is ambivalent‚ meaning that it can be inside or outside of the protein molecule. In aqueous solution at or near neutral pH‚ glycine will exist predominantly as the zwitterion. Alanine is a hydrophobic molecule. It is ambivalent‚ meaning that it can be inside or outside of the protein molecule. The α carbon of alanine is optically active; in proteins‚ only the L-isomer is found. Serine differs from alanine in that one of the methylenic
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I. Abstract The experiment: Classification tests on Organic Compounds‚ allows the students to be familiarized with different classification tests used for identifying the different classes of organic compounds; examine unknown compounds using appropriate tests; and identify functional group of an organic compound based on the tests performed. Several organic compounds with different functional groups were tested to identify the functional groups present in the compound. n-heptane‚ pentene
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consist of alkanes (paraffins)‚ alkenes (double bonds) and alkynes (triple bonds). Aromatic hydrocarbons contain the benzene ring. 153 C C C alkane alkene C C C alkyne benzene Hydrocarbons can be further divided into saturated hydrocarbons that have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes)‚ and unsaturated hydrocarbons that have multiple carbon-carbon bonds (alkenes‚ alkynes‚ aromatics). Most of the aliphatic compounds are named based on the first ten alkanes (Table
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submitted: October 7‚ 2013 VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Aspirin is prepared by the esterification of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride under acidic conditions. The phenol group in salicylic acid is replaced by a carboxyl group through electrophilic substitution. The mechanism for the reaction can be summarized as follows: Figure 11.4. Mechanism for the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride to form acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) In this experiment‚ 85% phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
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will lead to formation of new species. (8 marks) SENIOR FIVE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1.Using suitable examples explain the following terms (a) Mechanism (b) Homolytic fission (c) Heterolytic fission (d) Electrophilic reaction (e) Nucleophilic reaction (f) Addition reaction (g) Elimination reaction (h) Substitution reaction (i) Chain reaction (j) Positive and Negative inductive effect 2. 25cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon P were mixed with 200cm3 of oxygen and exploded. After cooling‚ the residual gases occupied
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Pink to violet blue color Ninhyrin Test 1‚2‚3-indanetrione monohydrate or triketohydintene hydrate‚ ethanol Alpha- amino group (usually a general test for amino acids) Xanthoproteic Test Conc. HNO3‚ conc. NaOH For W‚F‚Y (aromatic except for H) Blue to blue-violet Oxidative decarboxylation color & deamination followed by (proline:hydroxypr condensation oline gives a yellow color) Yellow sol’n/ppt. Nitration via SEAr with conc. HNO3‚ orange with excess NaOH
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argon‚ ammonia The 3 which are underlined can absorb infrared radiation as their vibrations give rise to oscillating dipoles. 15. Classify the following reactions: a) CH3CH 3 + Br2 → CH3CH2Br + HBr Free radical substitution b) CH2=CH2 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br Electrophilic
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Introduction Discovered by Georg Wittig in 1954‚ the Wittig reaction is a robust organic synthesis method for preparing stereospecific alkenes. In general‚ Wittig reactions involve an aldehyde or ketone and a Wittig reagent (triphenylphosphonium ylide) and result in the formation of an alkene product and triphenylphosphine oxide (side product). Stereospecific alkene products can be synthesized by adjusting the reaction reagents and conditions. In the 60 years since the Wittig reaction was discovered
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The subsequent attacks occur faster because with every introduction of a chlorine atom‚ the remaining hydrogens are more acidic because of the inductive effect of the halogens. The second part of the reaction occurs through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Once the trihalo ketone is formed‚ the hydroxide ions attack the carbonyl carbon and the carbon-carbon bond between the carbonyl carbon and the halomethyl carbon is cleaved. The trihalomethyl group acts as a good leaving group where the three
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Introduction‚ Discuss the nucleophilic substitution reactions that take place in this experiment. Explain how the difference in activation energies‚ and the differences in stability of the product can cause either a kinetic or a thermodynamic product to be produced. What type of reaction conditions or electrophiles will cause one or the other product to be made. What product do you think will be made in this reaction? Describe how NMR can be used to determine the structure of the product the relative
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