protonation of saccharin. This nucleophilic reaction is special because the nucleophilic atom can be oxygen or nitrogen and the leaving group is iodide ion. The solvent used in this reaction is very important for determining the rate of nucleophilic substitution reaction. Polar protic solvents such as water and ethanol result in bulky solvation shells around the charged nucleophile; this is what reduces its nucleophilic strength. The result is a slower reaction. Polar aprotic solvents do not solvate
Premium Nuclear magnetic resonance Nucleophile Chemical reaction
Current Medicinal Chemistry‚ 2011‚ 18‚ 733-766 733 New Lead Structures in Antifungal Drug Discovery Chunquan Sheng and Wannian Zhang* Department of Medicinal Chemistry‚ School of Pharmacy‚ Second Military Medical University‚ 325 Guohe Road‚ Shanghai 200433‚ People’s Republic of China Abstract: During the past two decades‚ the incidence of invasive fungal infections has been increasing dramatically. Clinical available antifungal agents have several drawbacks such as limited potency and
Premium Candidiasis Drug discovery Antifungal drug
Functional Groups of Organic Compounds A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in the HC derivative other than carbon and hydrogen. Literally‚ the functional group determines the functions of the particular HC derivative in chemical reactions. This means that the specific properties of the HC derivative are due to its functional group. Each functional group is attached to an alkyl radical (R). An alkyl radical is one H atom less than the given alkane. The alkyl radical (R) uses
Premium Ester
active ingredient in many insect repellants.1 In this experiment‚ DEET will be prepared from m-toluic acid through the intermediate acid chloride and then identified by its IR and proton NMR spectra. The overall reaction is a series of two acyl substitutions and is shown in Scheme 1 below: [pic] Scheme 1 Carboxylic acids can be converted to acid chlorides by treatment with a compound such as phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) or thionyl chloride (SOCl2).2 The reactive acid chloride can then
Premium Filter paper Paper Experiment
3.1. Influence of the catalyst on synthesis of Benzimidazole Initially‚ we began with catalyst free reaction by stirring reaction mixture of a and b in ethanol at room temperature. Additionally‚ several reactions were performed using various catalysts in different reaction conditions and results are summarized in Table 1. The catalyst free reaction fails to produce selective benzimidazole and conversion of reactants in long reaction time and obtained only 21 % conversion with 13 % selective yield
Premium Chemical reaction Chemistry Ethanol
Toward Sustainable Chemistry Terry Collins* Chemistry has an important role to play in achieving a sustainable civilization on Earth. The present economy remains utterly dependent on a massive inward flow of natural resources that includes vast amounts of nonrenewables. This is followed by a reverse flow of economically spent matter back to the ecosphere. Chemical sustainability problems are determined largely by these economy-ecosphere materials flows (see the figure‚ below)‚ which current
Premium Chemistry Antibiotic resistance
called iLUC (indirect land use change). It’s easy to monitor whether a crop to produce biofuels substitutes or not a forest. However‚ it’s almost impossible to monitor whether a new crop caused indirect deforestation. A clear example for that is the substitution of cattle for sugarcane production in
Premium Fossil fuel Renewable energy Energy development
C H A P T E R 5 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 5.1 | INTRODUCTION The fundamental information that environmental engineers and scientists need concerning organic chemistry differs considerably from that which the organic chemist requires. This difference is due to the fact that chemists are concerned principally with the synthesis of compounds‚ whereas environmental engineers and scientists are concerned‚ in the main‚ with how the organic compounds in liquid‚ solid‚ and gaseous wastes
Premium Alcohol Carboxylic acid Organic chemistry
reactions of carbon-carbon bonds are important in organic synthesis [1-5]. In general‚ acylation reaction is one of the important carbon-carbon forming reactions. It belongs to the reactions of the enolate derived from a carbonyl group with an electrophilic carbon such as Aldol‚ Claisen‚ Michael reaction and alkylation of metal enolates [6-9].The acylation reaction as well as above other reactions of enolates has serious limitations to be overcome. In these reactions‚ a strong base NaOH is needed
Premium Chemical reaction Carbonyl Amine
analysis and boiling points were used to identify the product. The reactant and product are in equilibrium. The reaction was pushed forward by an excess of acid. The acetic acid contained an electrophilic carbonyl. The isopentyl alcohol acted as the nucleophile. The electrophilic compound attacked the nucleophile and produced both an ester and water. The sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst for this reaction. Experimental Acetic acid‚ concentrated sulfuric acid‚ and isopentyl
Premium Ester Distillation Acetic acid