as enzymes‚ antibodies‚ messengers‚ structural components or transporters‚ according to their functions. These proteins are made through a process called protein synthesis. Some of the organelles involved in it are the ribosomes‚ the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus. There are a few steps in the process of protein synthesis. The two commonly known steps are transcription and Translation. However‚ the step of translation can be divided into 3 other steps known as Initiation‚ Elongation
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3A The Structure of Cells Monday‚ September 30‚ 2013 • Cytology ○ Cyto = cell ○ Logos = study of • Background ○ 1665 Robert Hook’s Micrographia § Was studying cork cells ○ 1833 R. Brown § Discovered nucleus ○ 1838 M. Schleiden § Said that all plants consist of cells ○ 1839 T. Schwann § All animals consist of cells ○ 1855 Virchow § Cells come only from preexisting cells • The Cell Theory ○ Cells are the structural units of all living things
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to describe the basic unit of life was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek. James Watson. Louis Pasteur. ~Robert Hooke. 4. Which of the following is true of prokaryotic cells? ~They have no nucleus. They have mitochondria. They have an endoplasmic reticulum. Plant cells are one example. 5. Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells Plants and animals Bacteria and archaea ~Plants‚ fungi‚ bacteria and archaea Plants‚ bacteria and archaea 6. The cells of a bee and
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peripheral nerves‚ motor endplates‚ and muscle fibers. There are two different sites where repeated contractions may cause muscle fatigue. One is the transmission mechanism‚ which is basically the neuromuscular junction‚ muscle membrane‚ and endoplasmic reticulum. The other one is the contractile mechanism‚ which is the muscle filament. A muscle fiber’s mechanical response declines with fatigue. Peripheral muscle fatigue is caused by changes in the internal conditions of the muscle. The changes can
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collagen of the subtypes I and III. In normal wound healing‚ early type III collagen predominates but is later replaced by type I collagen. Tropocollagen‚ which is the precursor of all collagen types‚ is then transformed within the cell’s rough endoplasmic
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GDF15/MIC-1 is a product of macrophage activation‚ suggesting that it may be involved in chronic inflammatory processes (-). GDF15 is a stress-responsive member of the TGF-β superfamily and initially described as macrophage inhibitory cytokine (-). Although GDF15 has been described in many solid tumors for almost 10 years‚ the nature of its receptor is still unknown. There is some evidence of Smad signaling pathway activation‚ suggesting GDF15 may act through TGF-β receptor superfamily pathways (-)
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Chapter Four DEFINITIONS nucleic acid – polymers specialized for the storage‚ transmission between generations‚ and use of genetic information. There are two types‚ DNA and RNA nucleotides – monomers that compose nucleic acid‚ consist of a pentose sugar‚ a phosphate group‚ and a nitrogen containing base. DNA - – a macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and passes if from generation to generation. RNA and the bonds that stabilize them Purine - one of two chemical forms
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between the structure and function of the major cell organelles found in a eukaryotic cell? • Structures include: cytoplasm‚ nucleus‚ nucleolus‚ nuclear envelope‚ cell membrane‚ mitochondria‚ Golgi bodies‚ vacuole‚ centrioles‚ ribosomes‚ and endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) • Exclusive to plants: chloroplasts‚ central vacuole‚ cellulose cell wall • Exclusive to animals: lysosome‚ centrioles • Compare and contrast plant and animal cell structures • Special structures include; cilia and flagella
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OCR BIOLOGY UNIT F221 Blood tests 1. Put a band (tourniquet) around the arm to make the vein stand out 2. Clean the area around the vein with an alcohol based solution 3. Push a sterile needle‚ attached to a sterile syringe into the vein 4. Pull back the plunger of the syringe to suck the blood into the syringe 5. When the necessary volume of blood has been extracted‚ remove the syringe and needle‚ loosen the tourniquet and press a small ball of cotton wool over the
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The human body is a very complex working system and it requires a lot of energy to function properly. The human body eats food molecules that contain nutrients in order to get the energy needed to function. Once these food molecules are broken down in the human body some of the nutrients are made into glucose‚ which is an energy source. This glucose is not quite usable as one whole thing so our body breaks down even more into other molecules like pyruvate. Eventually the human body needs to make
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