C H A P T E R 5 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 5.1 | INTRODUCTION The fundamental information that environmental engineers and scientists need concerning organic chemistry differs considerably from that which the organic chemist requires. This difference is due to the fact that chemists are concerned principally with the synthesis of compounds‚ whereas environmental engineers and scientists are concerned‚ in the main‚ with how the organic compounds in liquid‚ solid‚ and gaseous wastes
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Technetium-99 Technetium-99 (Tc-99m) is used tens of millions of times annually. Approximately 85% of diagnostic procedures in nuclear medicine use this radioisotope. Making it the most common radioisotope used in diagnosis. Technetium-99 is used as a radioactive tracer and is detected in the body by gamma cameras. Technetium-99 is produced by bombarding Molybdenum with neutrons‚ producing Molybdenum-99. This then goes through a Beta decay with a half-life of 66 hours and produces Technetium. Technetium-99
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the sulfuric acid. We used heat to help the solutes dissolve. When they had dissolved‚ we allowed the flask to cool and then poured 17 mL of the solution into a separatory funnel and the rest of the solution into the reflux apparatus. 2.5 mL of 1-butanol was added to the reflux apparatus along with a boiling stone. We then started the circulation of water and brought the mixture to a gentle boil for 75 minutes. After that time we allowed it to cool in an ice bath. We then transferred the solution
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1-bromobutane. Designate how each minor-product is removed from the major product and which layer holds the product in each experimental step performed. [pic] Introduction This experiment utilizes SN2 chemistry to convert 1-butanol (n-butanol) to 1-bromobutane (n-bromobutane). The nucleophile for the reaction is Br- ions. The nucleophile in this lab is generated from an aqueous solution of sodium bromide. The sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst in converting
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distilled and the collecting tubes was switched at the appropriate temperature. The volume‚ flammability‚ odour‚ density and boiling point of each fractions were recorded. After this experiment‚ we concluded that the liquids in the mixture were 2-propanol and water. Data/ Results: Heating Curve Data Time (s) Temperature (°c) 0 22.0 10 22.8 20 22.9
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of solids – ionic and molecular solids. • To classify three unknown substances as ionic compounds‚ polar covalent compounds or non-polar covalent compounds. • To identify the three unknowns. Observations: A B C Solubility in: • H2O • 2-Propanol Soluble Insoluble Soluble Insoluble Insoluble Soluble Conductivity None High None Melting Point 100 – 525 ℃ > 525 ℃ < 100 ℃ Odour Subtle None Very Strong Concluding Questions: 1. Identify the type of solid in each unkown compound
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to set up a flask apparatus with a thermowell and a Claisen adapter. Attached to the Claisen adapter is a thermometer measuring the temperature in the flask and a vertical condenser for reflux. Add in the reactants to the flask‚ sulfuric acid‚ 2-butanol‚ and ammonium bromide. Heat to 95OC and then maintain temperature for 30 minutes. Then‚ water was added and simple distillation began. The aqueous layer of the distillate was removed leaving the product‚ 2-bromobutane. For part 2‚ two drops of
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Experiment 15 & 16: Preparation of 1-bromobutane‚ an SN2 reaction Preparation of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane‚ an SN1 reaction Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol and sodium bromide. In order for this reaction to reach completion there are four major operations that need to be performed. The four major operations include refluxing‚ simple distillation‚ separation‚ and drying. To begin‚ in order for the compounds to react they will be dissolved
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5. ENERGY BALANCE Basis:- 1 Hr. Operation ENERGY BALANCES ACROSS THE FEED PREHEATING EQUIPMENT:The heating of cold 2-butanol feed is to be completed in three stages in order to avoid large heat losses. The cold feed is first preheated to its boiling point using steam as heating medium and then vaporized in a thermosyphon reboiler utilizing the heat contained in the reaction products. The vapor‚ which has entrained liquid is removed from the knock out drum‚ and then heated to reaction temperature
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Melting Point and Boiling Point of Organic Compounds Bongo‚ Sayre‚ J1 1Student‚ Organic Chemistry 1 Laboratory / B11‚ School of Chemical Engineering‚ Chemistry and Biotechnology‚ Mapúa Institute of Technology ABSTRACT The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which the material changes from a solid to a liquid state while the boiling point is the temperature at which it changes from liquid to solid. In this experiment‚ the main objectives were to determine the effects of the following
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