Sodium borohydride Reduction of Benzil Introduction: The Purpose of this experiment is for the students to learn how to use sodium borohydride to reduce benzil to its secondary alcohol product via reduction reaction. This two-step reaction reduces aldehydes by hydrides to primary alcohols‚ and ketones to secondary alcohols. In order for the reaction to occur and to better control the stereochemistry and yield of the product‚ the metal hydride nucleophile of the reducing agents such as LiH‚ LiAlH4
Premium Alcohol
Background of the study Due to the overwhelming demand of plastic bag production and its effects on our environment‚ our landfills are crammed with these non-biodegradable materials. Substances used in the manufacturing brought forth various harmful chemicals which worsen over time. As the destructive compounds such as Chlorofluorocarbons were introduced‚ the complete deprivation of the Ozone Layer starts. However‚ scientists and nature preservers alike managed to overthrow this hazard‚ but not
Premium Plastic Polymer Starch
Cell Respiration Respiration is the process by which organisms burn food to produce energy. The starting material of cellular respiration is the sugar glucose‚ which has energy stored in its chemical bonds. You can think of glucose as a kind of cellular piece of coal: chock-full of energy‚ but useless when you want to power a stereo. Just as burning coal produces heat and energy in the form of electricity‚ the chemical processes of respiration convert the energy in glucose into usable form. Adenosine
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Cellular respiration
Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Introduction Caffeine is soluble in boiling water and as a result it is easily extracted from tea bags by steeping in hot water. This process leaves behind the water insoluble portions of the tea bag. However‚ water extracts more than just caffeine‚ so a final separation is done with an organic solvent that will dissolve primarily caffeine. The organic solvent used in this experiment is Dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂). Dichloromethane is less polar than water
Premium Caffeine Coffee Tea
Introduction Generally‚ PET can be produced in two steps by one of two ways‚ called the DMT and the TPA processes‚ or the transesterfication and direct esterification routes‚ respectively. Since its commercialization in the 1950’s by DuPont‚ PET was predominantly synthesized out of DMT due to the fact that this monomer‚ compared to TPA‚ was relatively easily purified by distillation. Yet‚ since the 1960’s‚ purified TPA became available by the development of new technologies and gained a lot of importance
Premium Chemical reaction
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to identify one ketone with Thin Layer Chromatography and one using NMR spectrometry. We will do this by making 2‚ 4 a DNPH derivative and checking the melting points. Theory: By Using specific methods of compounds detection‚ we can match an unknown compound with a known compound because similar compounds will display similar characteristics. In this experiment‚ identifications of the unknown ketone was accomplished using thin layer chromatography
Premium Nuclear magnetic resonance
The Equilibrium Constant of an Ester Hydrolysis Reaction Abstract: The results from this experiment show four different Kc equilibrium constants of: .1522 for bottle two‚ .1853 for bottle three‚ .2094 for bottle four‚ and .2678 for bottle five. The average Kc value came out to be .2037 for all four bottles. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine the equilibrium concentrations of an organic acid‚ an alcohol‚ an ester‚ and water in four bottles with varying measurements of each
Free PH Acid dissociation constant Hydrochloric acid
Determination of citrinin produced by P. notatum and A. nigerin liquid media The filtrates obtained from above experiment were used for extraction and estimation of citrinin. Briefly‚ the citrinin was extracted thrice with chloroform (1:1 v/v). All the three extractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuum at 40°C using a rotary evaporator. The crude extract was then diluted in minimum amount of chloroform (2ml) and citrinin was estimated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) according to Razak et
Premium Chemistry Water Oxygen
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON MICROALGAL BIOFUEL PRODUCTION Joash Savaris Castro Abstract Oil price is a major issue globally as oil is a major requirement in almost all industries to operate. Another arising issue is the diminishing supply of fossil fuel or crude oil from major suppliers. With these in mind‚ researches for a potential alternative source of fuel are conducted all over the world. Microalgae is found to be a potential feedstock for the production of biofuel. Production of biofuel from
Premium Biofuel
POLYMER DATA HANDBOOK *Home *Browse/Search Contents *Browse by Polymer Class *Browse the Index *Online help Copyright © 1999 by Oxford University Press‚ Inc. EDITED BY JAMES E. MARK‚ UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI PUBLISHED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS The online version of the Polymer Data Handbook includes key data on over two hundred polymers. Please note that entries are presented as PDF files and can only be read using Adobe Acrobat Reader Version 3. If you do not have the freeware reader‚
Premium Polymer