activity of silver in general‚ and of silver nanoparticles in particular‚ is of significant interest because it appears to be independent of the strain of bacteria. Crucially‚ antibiotic resistant strains‚ MRSA (methicillin‚ or multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)‚ E. coli O157‚ and others are affected by silver [6]. The reasons for this are not fully clear as yet‚ but could be related to mechanisms of silver ion action on bacteria [110]‚ trypanosomes and yeasts‚ all of which can take up and concentrate
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Introduction: Chemical methods of control: Antimicrobial drugs‚ involves the use of chemicals to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Pasteur and others observed that infecting an animal with Pseudomonas aeruginosa protected the animal against Bacillus anthracis. Later‚ the word “antibiosis” (against life) for this inhibition and called the inhibiting substance “Antibiotic”. As researchers found out more and more about these chemicals they were able to discover that antibiotics are chemicals
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Urinary tract infections refer to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms within the urinary tract and its classification is usually done on the basis of infection sites:-bladder [cystitis]‚ kidney [pyelonephritis]‚ or urine [bacteriuria] and also can be asymptomatic or symptomatic (Quigley R 2009‚ Schlager TA2001). They are among the most commonly acquired bacterial infections and they account for an estimated 25-40% of the nosocomial infections (Bagshaw SM‚ Laupland KB 2006). Urinary tract infection
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followed‚ they provide accurate data. 2. In 1884‚ Hans Christian Gram described a method of staining bacterial cells while not staining surrounding animal tissues; however‚ he thought the staining method he developed was faulty because not all bacteria stained. In a letter to the editor of the journal in which Gram published his findings‚ write your response to Gram’s concern. 3. Compare and contrast gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls with regard to (a) sensitivity to antimicrobial
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The Urea test was used to test both Unknown Gram-positive and Unknown Gram-negative bacteria. One colony of bacteria was used from the Unknown 13A plate and Unknown 13B plate in order to inoculate the Urea Slant. After the slant was inoculated‚ the cultures were placed in an incubator at 35ºC for Gram-positive bacteria‚ and 37ºC for Gram-negative bacteria for a total of 48 hours. If the Urea test were positive‚ the color of the slant would have changed to a hot pink color‚ which indicated the bacteria’s
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Local Study “This research study aims to prevent diseases caused by Escherichia coli‚ Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. The study makes use of kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaves and fruit extract as an antibacterial agent that is more or equally effective than the commercialized one and at the same time‚ available in our environment. Ten Replicates on ten Petri dishes were prepared for each bacteria. Pure cultures of the three bacteria were spread on the replicates. After
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organisms and negative organisms dependent upon the color obtained in the test. In the Nasal swab‚ we will learn to isolate particular flora. Procedure: Throat Microbial Flora 1. Analyze the flora from last week and gram stain an isolated colony. 2. Receive TA approval of the gram stain. Procedure: Disinfectant and Antiseptics 1. Use a ruler to measure the diameter of the zones of inhibition (mm) 2. Record each antibiotic zone size in the chart‚ determine if it is sensitive‚ intermediate
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conducted on unknown bacteria 32 was the Gram stain. From this stain‚ unknown 32 was found to be a Gram-positive cocci. This test eliminated all possible Gram-negative bacteria‚ Gram-positive rods and Gram-positive spirillium. Next‚ the endospore test determined whether or not the Gram-positive bacteria contained endospores. With the use of malachite green‚ steam‚ and safranin it was found that unknown bacteria 32 did not contain endospores. This eliminated Gram-positive cocci Sporosarcina spp. The oxidase
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single day. These pathogens continue to grow‚ multiply and evolve as humans also continue to find a way to avert their emergence and contend against their harmful effects. One of them is Staphylococcus aureus. “Staph”‚ as it is more commonly known‚ is one of the most common causes for skin infection. They are Gram- positive bacteria‚ spherical in shape and occur in grape-like clusters. These organisms are resistant to high temperatures (as high as 50°C)‚ high salt concentrations and drying (Tolan
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Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)‚ is a gram positive bacterial that is normally found on the skin and in the throat‚ and is a life threatening staphylococcal infection that may arise within hospitals‚ and “is frequently responsible for abscesses‚ endocarditis‚ impetigo‚ osteomyelitis‚ pneumonia‚ and septicemia.” Treatment usually includes bed rest‚ analgesics‚ and an anti-microbial drug that is resistant to penicillinase‚ an enzyme secreted by many species of staphylococcus. This writer
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