illogical‚ inadequate‚ not sound or can be shown to be wrong. Hydrates are inorganic salts that hold water. They contain a specific number of strongly bonded water molecules as part of their crystal structure. Such water molecules are called water(s) of hydration‚ or water(s) of crystallization. The formula of a hydrate consists of the formula of the anhydrous (without water) compound followed by a dot‚ then the specific number of water molecules. The dot in the formula indicates a type of bond‚ while strong
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manipulate them to our advantage. The most common form of energy observed during chemical reactions is heat. The reaction may absorb (endothermic) or release (exothermic) heat‚ depending on the reacting substances. Calorimetry is the process of measuring the heat flow between a system and its environment. The device used to measure this heat transfer is called a Calorimeter. The measurement of this heat is called the enthalpy of the reaction (∆H). There are two types of calorimeter. The first is a bomb
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(anion)[pic] X + Y (anion); where Y > X on activity series or Eo table. • Alkene/alkane reactions: – Cracking of pentane: ▪ pentane [pic] ethylene + propane ▪ C5H12 (g) [pic] C2H4 (g) + C3H8 (g) – Hydration of ethylene (the reverse can also happen known as de-hydration‚ where concentrated acid is used): ▪ ethylene + water [pic] ethanol ▪ C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) [pic] C2H5OH (l) – Hydrogenation of ethylene: ▪ ethylene + hydrogen [pic] ethane ▪ C2H4 (g) + H2
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If combined with a reducing sugar and heated‚ the divalent copper ion Cu of copper sulfate is reduced to the monovalent copper ion of cuprous oxide Cu2O which forms a precipitate ranging in color from green to brick red. Glucose + CuSO4 + heat -------------- Cu2O + H2O + oxidized glucose • Lipids such as fats and oils are important in cell membranes and also as an energy reserve. They produce translucent spots on paper. In addition they dissolve a non-polar Sudan III /IV dye‚ and
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Study1 Marian suffered from a heat stroke causing her body to experience hyperthermia. Marian body went through the process of homeostasis from experiencing hyperthermia. “Homeostasis is a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body.”(Marieb 8) Homeostasis protects the body by allowing it to adapt to the environment. Marian homeostasis tried to cool the body but failed. Though Marian was lucky her daughter found her in time. When a heat stroke occurs the body’s homeostasis
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copper sulfate (CuSO4) and Iron (Fe). Materials: Balance 100-mL beaker 250-mL beaker Bunsen burner Copper sulfate crystals Glass stirring rod 100-mL graduated cylinder Iron filings Ring stand and ring Wire gauze Procedure: 1. Record mass of clean 100-mL beaker. 2. Add 8.0 grams of copper sulfate crystals to beaker. 3. Add 50.0 milliliters of distilled water to the crystals. 4. Put wire gauze on ring on ring stand‚ and place the lighted Bunsen burner underneath it. Heat the crystals and
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ions in a solution can be found by reaction with an excess of aqueous iodide ions to produce iodine. The amount of iodine formed can be found by titration with thiosulfate ions‚ S2O32–. For Examiner’s Use FB 1 is aqueous copper(II) sulfate‚ CuSO4. FB 2 is 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate‚ Na2S2O3. FB 3 is aqueous potassium iodide‚ KI. starch indicator Read through the instructions carefully before starting any practical work.
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sulfate. In doing this lab‚ one was able to see the gradual change in the composition of a hydrate into an anhydrous salt. The lab was carried out with numerous steps. First‚ one had to safely prepare by putting on goggles. One then had to wash and heat the dish with the flame for about three minutes. After allowing the dish to cool‚ one had to weigh the evaporating dish and record the weight. Two to three grams of copper sulfate hydrate was then added to the dish and weighed. One then heated the
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accurately determine the mass of copper (II) sulfate and to eliminate the risk of spilling chemicals in the analytical room. After that‚ the casserole dish was heated using a hotplate until the powder turns into pale blue colour. It is advised not to heat it strongly to prevent it to start blacken. For normal case‚ a settling of 3-4 for about 20-25 minutes should provide sufficient heating. Next‚ the crucible was removed from the hotplate and allowed to cool for around 2-3 minutes. The contents was
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Each hydrate salt has a fixed number of water molecules associated with it‚ called waters of hydration or water of crystallization. When a salt holds waters of hydration‚ we call it a hydrated salt or a hydrate (hydrate from hydor‚ the Greek word for water). Barium chloride dihydrate‚ BaCl2(2H2O‚ has two waters of crystallization‚ or two waters of hydration. Other hydrates have waters of hydration ranging from one to twelve. Upon heating‚ a hydrate decomposes and produces an anhydrous salt
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