about 88–92% hydrogen and 8–12% helium by percent volume or fraction of gas molecules. Since a helium atom has about four times as much mass as a hydrogen atom‚ the composition changes when described as the proportion of mass contributed by different atoms. Thus the atmosphere is approximately 75% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass‚ with the remaining one percent of the mass consisting of other elements. The interior contains denser materials such that the distribution is roughly 71% hydrogen‚ 24% helium
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The Biological Importance of Water for Living Organisms Water is made up of two elements‚ 2 positively charged hydrogen molecules and one negatively charged oxygen molecule. Water molecules have uneven charge distribution as one end of the molecule is slightly positive and the other slightly negative‚ this is called polar. Ionic substances such as sodium chloride dissolve easily in water because the positively and negatively charged ions are separated due to the dipole nature of water. As water
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solution that has more free hydrogen ions (H + ) than hydroxyl ions (OH - ) and a pH less than 7. A base is a solution that has less free hydrogen ions (H + ) than hydroxyl ions (OH - ) and a pH of more than 7. In the late 1800s‚ the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius purposed that water can dissolve many compounds by separating them into their individual ions. Arrhenius suggested that acids are compounds that contain hydrogen and can dissolve in water to release hydrogen ions into solution. For example
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Formation of hydrogen molecule (H2) Formation of Hydrogen. Atomic Number of H = 1 Electronic configuration of H = 1 Valence electron of H = 1 Hydrogen forms duet‚ to obtain stable configuration. This configuration is similar to helium (a noble gas). Since‚ hydrogen has one electron in its valence shell‚ so it requires one more electron to form a duet. So‚ in the formation of hydrogen molecule; one electron from each of the hydrogen atoms is shared. Formation of hydrogen chloride (HCl):
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Carboxylic acids are compounds which contain a carboxyl group‚ -COOH group‚ where the -COOH group is attached either to a hydrogen atom or to an alkyl group. One of the example of carboxylic acid is benzoic acid( benzene carboxylic acid) which has a benzene connected to the carboxyl carboxyl group‚ -COOH group. It has a formula of C6H5COOH. The carbon atom of a carboxyl group has a high oxidation state. Therefore‚ that many of the chemical reactions used for their preparation are oxidations. In
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bond. The make up of nylon consists of carbon-oxygen bonds‚ carbon-hydrogen bonds‚ and nitrogen-hydrogen bonds. For example‚ 3300 cm-1‚ 29580cm-1‚ and 2800
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celestial body that has never quite become a star. A typical brown dwarf has a mass that is 8 percent or less than that of the Sun. The mass of a brown dwarf is too small to generate the internal temperatures capable of igniting the nuclear burning of hydrogen to release energy and light. A brown dwarf contracts at a steady rate‚ and after it has contracted as much as possible‚ a process that takes about 1 million years‚ it begins to cool off. Its emission of light diminishes with the decrease in its
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Describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules‚ and relate this and other properties of water‚ to the roles of water in living organisms. Water is a very small molecule‚ consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom. However the electrons shared are not done so equally‚ oxygen is more electronegative and has a firmer hold on the electrons and pulls them slightly towards its nucleus. Due to this‚ the charge across the molecule of water is not equally distributed
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® Copying is permitted according to the Site Licence Conditions only keep it simple science Preliminary Chemistry Topic 2 METALS What is this topic about? To keep it as simple as possible‚ (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of: 1. OUR USE of METALS 2. CHEMICAL ACTIVITY of the METALS 3. PATTERNS of the PERIODIC TABLE 4. QUANTITY CALCULATIONS... the MOLE 5. METALS from their ORES ...all in the context of how Chemistry contributes to cultural development but first‚ an introduction
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Catalysis Lab: Laboratory Write Up Problem/Question: What happens to the amounts of gas produced in a catalyzed reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide when the catalyst is mixed with an acid? Theory/Hypothesis: In this experiment the researcher and their team will be performing tests on a catalyst (proteins found in potato) to see what will happen when the catalyst in a Hydrogen Peroxide reaction is treated with an acid before the reaction occurs. The researcher hypothesizes that the after treating the
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