w w w e tr .X m eP e ap UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level .c rs om *0485738200* BIOLOGY Paper 2 Structured Questions AS Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Electronic calculator Ruler (cm/mm) 9700/21 October/November 2009 1 hour 15 minutes READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number‚ candidate number and name in the spaces provided at the top of this
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BREAKDOWN IN SOLID DIELECTRIC The requirements of good dielectric: o Low dielectric loss‚ o High mechanical strength‚ o Free from gaseous inclusions‚ and moisture‚ o Resistant to thermal and chemical deterioration. Solid dielectrics have higher breakdown strength compared to liquids and gases. When breakdown occurs‚ solids get permanently damaged while gases fully and liquids partly recover their dielectric strength. Breakdown mechanism varies depending
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disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis‚ a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. HO 1 2 3 H Short polymer HO Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule‚ forming a new bond HO 2 1 H 3 H2O 4 H 4 (a) Dehydration reaction in The synthesis of a polymer H Longer polymer HO 1 2 3 Hydrolysis adds a water molecule‚ breaking a bond H2O (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer HO 1 2
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recombinant enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4.0–4.5. They found that PcCel7A was stable at 50 °C and pH 4.5 for 3 hours‚ while at 60°C after 30 min of incubation it lost 45% of activity. The recombinant enzyme showed a higher performance in prolonged hydrolysis of Avicel and milled aspen wood than CBH I (Cel7A) when equalized by protein concentration from Trichoderma reesei. Pavel reported that PcCel7A was the most industrially utilized cellulase and due to its
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Synthesize my own aspirin Analyse the purity of my aspirin samples (aspirin and recrystallized aspirin) compared to commercial aspirin by use of analysing melting points‚ TLC plates and colorimetry tests Investigate how pH effects the rate of hydrolysis of aspirin Background theory Making my own sample of Salicylic acid (to then be converted into Aspirin) Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) can be made by hydrolysing methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate. Oil of wintergreen is 98% methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
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Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation This document provides an in‐depth explanation‚ detailing the processes of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. It is intended for general audiences and will provide the reader with the necessary information to understand what is happening during the biodegradation process. For those interested in the biochemical processes of the microbial organisms this document will provide a high level explanation of the aerobic and anaerobic processes. Biodegradation
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These are usually sugars‚ but it is possible to buy sugar-free sweets‚ such as sugar-free peppermints. Most common is the disaccharide sucrose. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called invert sugar‚ which is sweeter and is also a common ingredient. Finally confectioneries‚ especially commercial ones‚ are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by hydrolysis of starch‚ these include corn syrup.[5] A Global Leading Manufacturer of Candy 1. Product Details:
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light blue -> blue green Starch light blue -> no change Distilled Water light blue -> no change F. Barford’s Test Observation Amount of Precipitate Glucose Blue Solution‚ Red Precipitate Most Fructose Less Maltose More Sucrose Least G. Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides Total Drops: 11 (11 mins. ) Color Changes: Dark Violet -> Brown -> Orange -> Yellow Unhydrolyzed - > Hydrolyzed Hydrolyzed Starch Blue -> brown Hydrolyzed Sucrose Blue -> reddish brown Questions: 1) Draw the structures of
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Molecules such as starch and glycogen which are hydrophobic are not soluble and therefore are ideal for storage. In the digestive system many polymers and dimmers need to be broken down into smaller molecules by the process of hydrolysis. Water is used in hydrolysis reactions to separate the larger molecules into smaller ones (eg proteins into amino acids). Water is produced in respiration and this water can be very useful for organisms living in dry habitats. The process of photosynthesis requires
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C H A P T E R 5 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 5.1 | INTRODUCTION The fundamental information that environmental engineers and scientists need concerning organic chemistry differs considerably from that which the organic chemist requires. This difference is due to the fact that chemists are concerned principally with the synthesis of compounds‚ whereas environmental engineers and scientists are concerned‚ in the main‚ with how the organic compounds in liquid‚ solid‚ and gaseous wastes
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