*substitution (of a carboxylic/acid derivative) = addition + elimination - substitution at the tetrahedral intermediate from the addition of an organometallic to an aldehyde/ketone will not (usually) work as R- (i.e. H- or CH3-) is a bad leaving group - addition of a Grignard reagent to an aldehyde/ketone = stable tetrahedral intermediate (alkoxide) - addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl group in the presence of a base = unstable intermediate (hemiacetal/hydrate) - nucleophiles with good
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RESULTS DISCUSSION H IR ANALYSIS H Ketone IR ANALYSIS Aldehyde ARMSALCEDO alanx3@yahoo.com ARMSALCEDO alanx3@yahoo.com EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT 8 OBJECTIVES CONCEPTS REAGENTS PROCEDURE RESULTS DISCUSSION SUMMARY Procedure Schematic Analysis Sample Dichromate test Green soln Yes 1°/2° alcohols‚ aldehyde Tollen’s test Silver mirror Yes Aldehyde No 1°/2° alcohols Lucas test No 3°/ketone DNPH test Orange ppt Yes Ketone No 3° alcohol 8 OBJECTIVES CONCEPTS REAGENTS
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I. Abstract The experiment: Classification tests on Organic Compounds‚ allows the students to be familiarized with different classification tests used for identifying the different classes of organic compounds; examine unknown compounds using appropriate tests; and identify functional group of an organic compound based on the tests performed. Several organic compounds with different functional groups were tested to identify the functional groups present in the compound. n-heptane‚ pentene
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Hypoglycaemia When do hypos occur? Hypoglycaemia (or a ‘hypo’) occurs when the level of glucose in the blood falls too low‚ usually under 4 mmol/l. People with diabetes who take insulin and/or certain diabetes tablets are at risk of having a hypo. A hypo may occur if you have taken too much diabetes medication‚ delayed or missed a meal or snack‚ not eaten enough carbohydrate‚ taken part in unplanned or more strenuous exercise than usual‚ and have been drinking alcohol without food. Sometimes
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aldehyde and an unknown ketone. H NMR is used to identify the unknown aldehyde and ketone. Melting point is used to identify the aldol condensation reaction. Theory: Condensation reaction is also known as a dehydration reaction. In the mechanism of condensation reaction‚ a bond is formed between two molecules and creates water as a byproduct. Aldol condensation is a C-C bond forming reaction between the alpha Carbon of the aldehyde or ketone and carbonyl carbon of another ketone or aldehyde. Aldol
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are chemical tests that we will use in this class. Some cover two related functional groups (such as the bromine test for alkenes and alkynes)‚ while other only a specific subcategory of that functional group (such as the iodoform test for methyl ketones). In some cases there can be false positives (compounds which do not have the functional group still give a result test) or false negatives (compounds which have the functional group give a negative result). If your results do not match what you
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URINALYSIS 1. What are the possible explanations for the abnormal findings seen in Unknown A? Sample A had large ketones and a mild amount of protein. It also tested positive for a notable amount of blood but it fell within normal limits. There are several scenarios that might explain these results. As for the ketones‚ the patient could have Diabetes Mellitus‚ they could be suffering from starvation or they could be on a low carbohydrate or very high-fat diet. A mild amount of protein in the urine
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reaction was performed in a test tube and sodium hydroxide was added drop by drop followed by recrystallization and vacuum filtration. In order to verify the presence of the ketone 2‚4-dinitrophenylhydrazone was synthesized and reacted with trans-p-anisalacetophenone resulting in a red color change indicating the presence of the ketone. The percent yield of the product was found to be 49% with six NMR shifts at 1.76‚ 2.14‚ 3.83‚ 6.98‚ 7.53‚ and 7.97 ppm. The melting point was originally found to be 169
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involves two distinct stages that occur in the same environment. The first stage occurs through the based-catalyzed halogenation of the ketone that forms a trihalo ketone. First‚ the bleach is transformed into chlorine and hydroxide ions through the following reaction: Then‚ the hydroxyl is able to attack the rather acidic (pKa ~ 20) α-hydrogen of the ketone. This acidity is due to the stability of the resonance structures of the corresponding enolate ion that forms upon dissociation. When the
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Based on the IR graph‚ I can tell that the primary functional group would be a ketone. After the IR spectra‚ the NMR of the unknown was analyzed. First‚ the general region was predicted to give an idea of how the molecular may look like. Based on the chart‚ it does seem like a ketone was present with a couple of C-H stretches near the functional group. Next‚ four H proton signals and five carbons singles were identified on both of
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