IGCSE Chemistry 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: 1. The particulate nature of matter 2. Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement 2.2 (a) Criteria of purity 2.2 (b) Methods of purification 3. Atoms‚ elements and compounds 4.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table 4.2 Bonding the structure of matter 3.2 (a) Ions and ionic bonds 3.2 (b) Molecules and covalent bonds 3.2 (c) Macromolecules 3.2 (d) Metallic bonding 3 Stoichiometry 4
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IGCSE Complete Chemistry Notes Unit 1: States of matter Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances‚ when mixed‚ particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It’s also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle
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IGCSE History Revision Charts 1. Were the peace treaties fair of 1919-21? -The Big Three (USA‚ France‚ Britain) gathered in Paris for the treaty of Versailles -USA believed in self determination at a strong way. -Britain and France wanted to make Germany pay a lot of reparations as well to gain other colonies‚ as a punishment for WWI. France wanted at an alarming rate to punish Germany. -The treaties could be justified because they had to control Germany and make sure it wouldn’t go to
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Revision Checklist for IGCSE History 0470 Guide for Students Revision Checklist for IGCSE History 0470 A Guide for Students How to use this guide The guide describes what you need to know about your IGCSE History examination. It will help you to plan your revision programme for the examination and will explain what the examiners are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you to revise by using the tick boxes in Section 3‚ ‘What you should be able to’ to check
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|Atoms and Molecules | |Everyday Science | | An atom is the smallest "piece" of an element that still has the properties of that element. A molecule is a combination of two or more | |atoms bonded together.
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Revision Checklist for IGCSE Biology 0610 Guide for Students REVISION CHECKLIST for IGCSE Biology 0610 A guide for students How to use this guide The guide describes what you need to know about your IGSCE Biology examination. It can be used to help you to plan your revision programme for the theory examinations and will explain what the examiners are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you revise by using the tick boxes in Section 3‚ ‘What you need to know?’‚ to
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SCIENCE REVISION CELLS Organelles Nucleus: controls the chemical reactions in the cell as well as development and reproduction of the cell. (Both animal and plant cell) Ribosomes: makes protein. (Both animal and plant cell) Rough ER: the internal delivery system of the cell. (Both animal and plant cell) Mitochondria: power plant of the cell‚ it makes energy‚ contains glucose and oxygen. (Both animal and plant cell) Cell Membrane: thin layer that surrounds the cell and holds it together
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BATTERIES What is a battery? A battery is a container consisting of one or more cells carrying an electric charge and used as a source of power. SECONDARY BATTERIES * rechargeable * high cost (short-term) low cost (long-term) * used in objects with high energy requirements: e.g. mobile phones‚ power tools * require special handling‚ containment & disposal * limited interchangeability * long life time * produce smaller amount of waste (flat discharge curve)
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Structure and bonding a) Compounds are substances in which atoms of two or more elements are chemically combined. b) Chemical bonding involves either transferring or sharing electrons in the highest occupied energy levels (shells) of atoms in order to achieve the electronic structure of a noble gas. c) When atoms form chemical bonds by transferring electrons‚ they form ions. Atoms that lose electrons become positively charged ions. Atoms that gain electrons become negatively charged ions. Ions
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1: The atom Introduction Atoms are the building blocks for matter Everything is made up of atoms 1A: Sub-atomic particles Atoms are made up of 3 sub-atomic particles‚ 2 of which are located in the nucleus (the heart of the atom) Positively charges protons and neutrally charged (non-charged) neutrons are found in the nucleus Negatively charged electrons are located orbiting the nucleus in shells. They stay in orbit because the electrons are attracted to the protons 2: The Element
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