Cell structure and organization • Chloroplasts o Site of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed o Consist of grana which are stacked up to increase surface area for absorption of light o Only present in plant cells • Cell membrane (plasma membrane) o Lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell‚ interspersed with protein molecule o Presence of temporary pores o Selectively permeable Controls movement of substances o Diffusion‚ osmosis and active transport can therefore take place o Prevent outflowing
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heart is simple a pump which forces the blood around our bodies through the pipe work we call our arteries and veins. We can measure this force on our vascular system by measuring our blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and it is recorded as two figures. Normal blood pressure is normally around 120/80. When the heart beats (pumps) the pressure in our arteries increases‚ this is the top figure our Systolic pressure. When the heart isn’t beating (resting in-between
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2 D 3 C Short questions (p. 77) 4 a SA node 1m b i To allow the complete emptying of the atria before the ventricles contract. 1m OR To allow ventricles to be filled before contraction. 1m ii To force the blood upwards into the arteries / blood vessels / out of the heart. 1m 5 HKALE Biology 2003 II Q4c 6 a Medulla oblongata 1m b i Heart rate increases. 1m ii Heart rate increases. 1m c The impulse spreads through the atria / right atrium / cardiac muscle 1m to
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The area between these two bones serves as a passage way for the subclavian artery‚ the subclavian vein‚ and the neurovascular bundle made of the brachial plexus and some smaller nerves (Surg 28). The cause of the compression varies and can include: anatomical defects‚ these defects are inherited defects that are present at birth may include
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1. One patient has a grade I tumor of the lung‚ while another patient has a grade IV tumor of the lung. Explain how tumors in various stages are similar and how they differ. (1 point) Both stage I and stage IV lung cancer is presented with cellular differentiation‚ loss of normal tissue structure‚ as well as irregular size and shape of the nucleus. Normal cells are able to divide and die cancer cells are pile up on top of each other forming a tumor. The staging and grading of cancer depends on
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closed by sphincter of Oddi E. After entering the pancreatic head turns superiorly 42. The common hepatic duct: A. Drains the bile and pancreatic secretion B. Is formed by fusion of hepatic and cystic duct ( =common bile duct) C. Runs with the portal vein the lesser omentum D. Is formed by fusion of right and left bile duct E. None of above (is formed by the fusion of right and left hepatic duct‚ joins the cystic duct and forms the common bile duct) 1. By the union of the bile duct and cystic
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fold‚ where the breast meets the chest. For about 5%[10] to 10%[17] women‚ their breasts are severely different‚ with the left breast being larger in 62% of cases.[17] This is due to the breast proximity to the heart and a greater number of arteries and veins‚ along with a protective layer of fat surrounding the heart located beneath it.[18] Up to 25% of women experience notable breast asymmetry of at least one cup size difference.[10][19][20][21] If a woman is uncomfortable with her breasts’ asymmetry
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of coronary veins and arteries. The heart is the size of a clenched fist‚ located slightly to the left of the chest. It is divided into left and right sides‚ has four chambers and works as a pump. Veins deliver deoxygenated blood from the body to the right side of the heart; this is known as Pulmonary Circulation. The heart then pumps this back to the lungs to absorb oxygen. Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart which pumps it to the rest of the body through the arteries; this is known
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE HEAD NECK The cardiovascular system consists of the heart‚ blood vessels‚ and the approximately 5 liters of blood that the blood vessels transport. Responsible for transporting oxygen‚ nutrients‚ hormones‚ and cellular waste products throughout the body‚ the cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ — the heart‚ which is only about the size of a closed fist. Even at rest‚ the average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout
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Angina Chest pain signs clenching fist symptoms diaphoresis‚ cold sweats‚ pallor‚ grayness‚ Palpitations‚ dyspnea‚ nausea‚ tachycardia‚ fatigue Dyspnea Shortness of breath difficult‚ labored breathing- quantify exactly. Paroxysmal‚ (sudden increase in symptoms)‚ constant or intermittent‚ recumbent‚ paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) -- heart failure Orthopnea the need to assume a more upright position to breathe (note exact number of pillows used) Cyanosis/Pallor dusky blue mottling of the skin
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