the nature of the bonding as: 1. Ionic 2. Molecular 3. Covalent 4. Metallic Classification of Crystalline solids: S.No. Types of solid Constituent Particles Nature of forces Examples 1 Ionic solids Positive and Negative ions Strong electrostatic forces of attraction LiF‚ KCl‚ KNO3‚ BaSO4 2 Molecular solids Molecules Van der Waal’s forces. Dipole interactions. Hydrogen bonding I2‚ CO2 (solid)‚ HCl‚ Ice 3 Covalent solids Atoms Covalent bonds Diamond‚ Silicon
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Name: __________________________________ Teacher: ________________________________ DO NOT OPEN THE EXAMINATION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD BY THE SUPERVISOR TO BEGIN Chemistry 2202 FINAL EXAMINATION June 2010 Value: 100% General Instructions This examination consists of two parts. Both parts are contained in this booklet and further general instructions are provided on appropriate pages. Part I – Multiple Choice (40%) Select the letter of the correct response from those provided. EITHER
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What are electrolytes? Chemically‚ electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity. Electrolytes are present in the human body‚ and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs. Common electrolytes that are measured by doctors with blood testing include sodium‚ potassium‚ chloride‚ and bicarbonate. The functions and normal range values for these electrolytes are described below
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Chapter 1: Biology- The study of life A Hierarchy of Organization 1. Molecules 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organism Emergent Properties- Novel properties that emerge as each step up the hierarchy of biological order is taken. Reductionism- Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Cells- The lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life‚ all organisms are composed of cells which are the basic units of structure
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considered a hydrophobic or hydrophilic substance? Why? __________________________________ Part Two: Hydrogen Bonding‚ Expansion on Freezing Water tends to “hang-out” in groups of five molecules. This is due to hydrogen bonding. Label the 4 hydrogen bonds shown in the below diagram. Explain what a hydrogen bond is (as compared to covalent and ionic bonds). hydrogen ionic covalent Water expands when it freezes. Describe a test that you could complete at home to prove water expands as it freezes
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Core Module 1: The Chemical Earth Contextual Outline The Earth includes a clearly identifiable biosphere‚ lithosphere‚ hydrosphere and atmosphere. All of these are mixtures of thousands of substances and the use of this pool of resources requires the separation of useful substances. The processes of separation will be determined by the physical and chemical properties of the substances. In order to use the Earth’s resources effectively and efficiently‚ it is necessary to understand the properties
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elements 2. Hydrocarbons- (contains only C & H) 3. Asymmetric carbon- attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms II. Isomers - Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structure and properties 1. Structural- differ in covalent arrangement of their atoms and may differ in location of double bonds 2. Geometric- same structure different arrangement 3. Enantiomer/stereoisomer 1. Usually one is biologically active and the other is not 2. Pharmaceuticals- important because
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Nazarbayev University Introduction While many thousands of substances are known‚ they can be classified into a few simple categories based on type of bonding that exists among the atoms in the substance. Bonds are chemical forces that hold atoms together to form molecules or compounds. These categories are ionic‚ molecular and metallic substances. In ionic compounds valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another‚ resulting in formation of ions of opposite charge. Metals will lose electrons
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Xxx.comTheories of light In the seventeenth century two rival theories of the nature of light were proposed‚ the wave theory and the corpuscular theory. The Dutch astronomer Huygens (1629-1695) proposed a wave theory of light. He believed that light was a longitudinal wave‚ and that this wave was propagated through a material called the ’aether’. Since light can pass through a vacuum and travels very fast Huygens had to propose some rather strange properties for the aether: for example; it must
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8.4 Water 8.4.1 Water is distributed on Earth as a solid‚ liquid and gas y y y Define the terms solute‚ solvent and solution Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Solute a substance that is dissolved in another substance or the component of a solution present in a lower amount. Solvent a substance which can dissolve another substance or the component of a solution present in a greater amount. Identify the importance of water as a solvent Water is essential as a reactant
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