Polymerase chain reaction The Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude‚ generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis‚ PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications. These include DNA cloning for sequencing‚ DNA-based phylogeny
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Cyclic Voltammetry of Ferricyanide Analytical Lab 1: 2410 L Carrie Spiaser Lab Partners: Rachel Urig‚ Michael Shingleton‚ Michael Cole‚ Samantha Rae‚ & Taylor Woodyard 9/6/16 Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to understand the theory and instruments associated with cyclic voltammetry. In this experiment reducing ferricyanide to ferrocyanide according to the equation1: Fe(CN)63- + e- ↔ Fe(CN)64-. The half-cell potential of the ferri/ferrocyanide raction will be calculated and compared
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Abstract: The objective of the experiment was to prepare Benzilic acid by multistep synthesis starting with benzaldehyde. In this setup however‚ product of the first step‚ Benzoin‚ is provided thereby omitting the first step involving the conversion of benzaldehyde. For this experiment‚ the microscale techniques of reflux‚ crystallization‚ and melting-point determination were used. Utilizing these techniques a product yield of 93% for benzil and 57% for Benzilic acid was obtained‚ as well as
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ratio NaCl : Na2CO3 = 2 : 1 (1) mass ratio NaCl : Na2CO3 = 117 : 106 = 1 : 106/117 (1) 546 kg NaCl produces 546 × 106/117 (1) = 495 kg Na2CO3 (unit required) (1) or moles NaCl = 546000/58.5 = 9333 (if 9.33‚ allow 3 max) (1) moles NaHCO3 = moles NaCl = 9333 (1) moles Na2CO3 = ½ moles NaHCO3 = ½ × 9333 = 4667 (1) mass Na2CO3 = 4667 × 106 = 495 kg (unit required) (1) or mass ratio NaCl: NaHCO3 = 58.5 : 84 (1) mass NaHCO3 = 546 × 84/58.5 = 784 kg (1) mass ratio NaHCO3 : Na2CO3 = 168 : 106
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Salmonella enterica (#11) Gram Negative Organism | CarbohydrateFermentation(PRL) | CarbohydrateFermentation(PRG) | Indole productionTest | MethylRed Test(MR) | VogesProskauer Test | Citrate Utilization Test | Hydrogen sulfide Test | Urease Test | CatalaseTest | Salmonellaenterica | (-)Red color | (+)YellowColor | (-)No red ring | (+)RedRing | (-)No pink | (+)Blue With growth | (+)Black PrecipitateVery motile | (-)No change in color | (+) | The unknown organism (#11) was Salmonella
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For known amounts of reactants‚ theoretical amounts of product can be calculated in a chemical process. These calculated products are determined using the limiting reagent‚ (the substance that runs out first which stops the reaction) and are called the theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is the amount of product that should be acquired during the experiment if all aspects go perfectly. However‚ due to experimental errors‚ very few labs do so. These results are called actual yield. The percent
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Lab chemisty 03/27/2011 Five unlabeled bottles Set 1: A) colorless B) colorless C) blue D) blue E) colorless A: Ba(NO3)2 B: AgNO3 C: CuSO4 D) CuCl2 E) KCl Description how to identify solution: _ We have two blue solution which are CuSO4 and CuCl2 or C and D‚ according to chemical reaction experiment‚ C didn’t have any reaction with other solution like B and D beside A‚ so if we look at the solubility
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Preparation of 4-bromoaniline Introduction Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich‚ it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups
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Experiment 3: Preparation and Properties of Soap Objectives: i) To be able to prepare a soap starting with olive oil and animal lard. ii) To examine the chemical properties of the soap that is made. iii) To determine the theoretical yield and experimental yield of soap. Introduction: A soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long unbranced hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains. It contains at least 12 carbons and a carboxylic acid group. Materials and Apparatus:
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described in the Wissinger Manual.1 Modifications of the procedure included: The drying agent took 25 minutes‚ as opposed to the suggested 10-15 minutes. The voltage for the heating mantle was changed from 70 volts‚ in the manual‚ to 80 volts. Reagent/Product Table | Acetic Acid | Isopentyl Alcohol | Con H2SO4(95-98%) | Isopentyl Acetate | H2O | Mol Wt. | 60.05 | 88.15 | 98.079 | 130.19 | 18.02 | Grams | 8.9 | 5.0 | 2.2 | X | X | moles | 0.148 | 0.0567 | 0.0225 | X | X | mL | 8.5 | 6
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