Cognition Final Study Guide #1 History and Perspectives Who were the structuralists? * Wundt and Tithcener * Their goals: sought to discover the laws and principles that explain our immediate conscious experience. Wanted to identify the simplest essential units of the mind and to determine how these units combine to produce complex mental phenomena. * Method: The study of conscious mental events and function of mental operations. The method was introspection. * Their contributions:
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Defining Language Language is a method for communicating information‚ including ideas‚ thoughts‚ and emotions. Unusual Language • Bees have a little dance that tells other bees where a source of nectar can be found • Music is a universal language that often strikes the same emotion in all humans • Players in card games will use their bids as communication • Body language • Flowers Comprehension • Information can be communicated only if both the sender and receiver understand what
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govern how symbols can be arranged. These rules allow people to understand messages in that language even if they have never encountered those messages before. The Building Blocks of Language Language is organized hierarchically‚ from phonemes to morphemes to phrases and sentences that communicate meaning. Phonemes Phonemes are the smallest distinguishable units in a language. In the English language‚ many consonants‚ such as t‚ p‚ and m‚ correspond to single phonemes‚ while other consonants
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Lecture Two The nature of the rules - the underlying patterns (rules) of language are not obvious - we have unconscious knowledge of patterns and rules of our own language If a linguist identifies a sentence as "grammatical" this means that the sentence conforms to the hypothesized rules of the mental grammar When a linguist uses the word "Grammar" they mean: mental grammar: is in our (individual) heads - shared by speakers if a language‚ with some variation‚= linguistic competence - a
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Paper I : Poetry-I Unit 1 : Explanations with reference to the context from the starred texts Geoffrey Chaucer : “General Prologue”* to The Canterbury Tales The Nun’s Priest’s Tale John Donne : “The Canonization* “A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning” “The Sunne Rising” “The Ecstasie”* : Paradise Lost‚ Book I : Essay on Man* : “Introduction” “Earth’s Answer” “The Tyger”* “London” (from Songs of Experience) Unit 2 : Unit 3 : John Milton Unit 4 : Alexander Pope William Blake
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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines‚ new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes‚ improved efficiency of water power‚ the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools. The transition also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. The Industrial Revolution began
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Tamara Connors Brennan PSU EDTEC561 Prof. David Popp Theoretical Explanation Many researchers have proposed that teaching students word roots unlocks the meanings of unknown words. The majority of words in the English language have origins from Greek and Latin. Ninety percent of English words over one syllable are Latin based‚ and the remaining 10 percent are Greek based (Rasinski‚ Padak‚ Newton‚ & Newton‚ (2008‚ p. 11). Just as phonics teaches word families‚ Greek and Latin roots
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* noun--friend: friendship" (Douglas Biber‚ Susan Conrad‚ and Geoffrey Leech‚ Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman‚ 2002) 2) affixation In linguistics‚ the process of forming a new word by the addition of a morpheme (or affix) to an already existing word. The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation (the addition of aprefix) and suffixation (the addition of a suffix). Clusters of affixes can be used to form complex words. Examples and Observations:
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Qualifications LEXICOLOGY 1. Word-Groups and Phraseological Units 2. Affixation and Word – Composition as Ways of Forming Words. 3. Meaning. Types of Meaning. Word – Meaning and Meanings in Morphemes. 4. Word – Meaning and Motivation. Change of Meaning. 5. Word – Structure. Classification of Morphemes. Procedure of Morphemic analysis. 6. Word – Formation. Means of Word – Formation. THEORY OF
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English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction [ILLUSTRATED] (Paperback) by Philip Carr (Author) "Speech sounds are made by modifying an airstream..." (more) Key Phrases: word stress assignment‚ realizational differences‚ academic banter‚ Scottish English‚ English Phonemes‚ Standard English Phonology • Phonetics -- What are the sounds? How are they made in the mouth? • Phonology -- How do sounds combine? How are they memorized? Speaker’s Mind → Speaker’s Mouth → Listener’s Ear
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