Biology 64 Instructor: Chooljian Lecture Exam #2 Review FIRST: Be sure to: Review the lecture notes and .pdfs Know all anatomical terms in chapters in boldface type and be able to define them Study the “Concept Check” at the end of each topic section in the text Skeletal System (Chapters 5-7) 1. What are the functions of the skeletal system? 2. Know the terminology for a long bone (epiphysis‚ etc.) 3. What is periosteum? Endosteum? What structures/cells can be
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Carbon‚ Hydrogen‚ Oxygen‚ Nitrogen‚ Phosphorus‚ Calcium‚ Sulfur d. Examples of biological molecules: DNA‚ glucose‚ phospholipids Cellular level – molecules combine to form cells e. Cells are the basic units of life f. Examples of cells: smooth muscle cells‚ nerve cell‚ epithelial cells Tissue level – groups of cells and material surround the cells that work together to perform a particular function g. 4 basic types of tissue: epithelial‚ connective‚ muscular‚ nervous Organ level – different
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that is planned‚ structured‚ and repetitive‚ and that results in improvements is fitness Muscular endurance-ability to perform repeated‚ high intensity muscle contraction Muscular strength-maximum force applied with a single muscle contraction Physical activity-any movement that works the larger muscles of the body‚ such as arm‚ leg‚ and back muscles Physical fitness-the body’s ability to carry out daily tasks and still have enough reserve energy to respond to unexpected demands Power-rate of force
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Understanding Words * acetabul-: vinegar cup * adip-: fat * aer-: air * alb-: white * an-: without * ana-: up * anul-: ring * Apo-: away from * Append-: “to hang something”; * arth-: joint * Astr-: starlike * aud-: to hear * Ax-: axle * ax-: axis * Bi-: two * Bio-: life * blast: bud * burs-: bag‚ purse * calat-: something inserted * canal-: channel * Cardi-: referring to the heart * carp-: wrist
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is vital to produce muscle contractions. And energy is produced from foods consumed but mainly carbohydrates and fats. * Carbohydrates – carbohydrates are broken down by the body into glucose‚ a simple sugar. If the body does not require it immediately it is stored in the liver and muscles. * Fats – broken into fatty acids When our body burns these substances it produces ATP and once the chemical bond in the ATP is broken it produces energy for muscular contractions. Only ATP can provide
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dry mouth‚ and muscle weakness clearly illustrate a correlation between botulism and the muscular system. Synaptic transmission at a motor end plate normally begins when a nerve impulse reaches a synaptic terminal. Synaptic vesicles then travel towards and combine into the presynaptic cell membrane of the motor neuron. This stimulates the release of acetylcholine‚ which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane of a muscle fiber. When a botulin
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decline in muscle function contribute to eye strain and blurred vision? When light is refracted into the eye through the lens it hits a point called the fovea centralis‚ which focuses the light with the use of cones and sends a message to the brain. When the cilliary body doesn’t help the lens to focus and achieve the message signal to the brain‚ we get double vision. 4. What are the possible reasons for Annie’s condition? lack of oxygen in the bloodstream which would cause muscle crams and
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completed as fast as possible. Elite performers cover the final lap in times of between 10 and 11 seconds. (a) Name the main energy system being used in the final sprint to the finishing line and explain how this system provides energy for the working muscles. (4 marks) (b) At the end of the race‚ the cyclist will be out of breath and will continue to breathe heavily even though they have come to a complete rest. Explain why this breathlessness occurs. (4 marks) ENERGY SOURCES The triathlon is an athletic
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skeletal muscle instead. When we are exercising there is more blood in our arterial circulation. Where did this blood come from and how did it get there ? When the cells within the body are more metabolically active‚ they use more fuel‚ such as glucose and oxygen. Therefore during exercise‚ specifically in parts like the skeletal muscles‚ the blood flow through the tissues is dramatically increased during contraction‚ resulting in blood flow up to 15 to 20 times greater then resting muscles. This
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Skeletal muscle fibres can change from high activity‚ in which a high amount of ATP is used to a low level of activity‚ with only a small amount being used. The ATP in the muscle fibres is enough to allow muscle contractions for a few seconds. When muscle contraction continues more ATP is needed. Aerobic glycolysis Oxidation of glucose requires a different enzyme and a coenzyme for each step. Coenzyme A is used at this stage in cellular respiration‚ which is derived from from a B vitamin called
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