Buffers‚ and pH‚ and Diffusion oh my The pH of a solution is the measure of the concentration of charged Hydrogen ions in that given solution. A solution with a pH lower than seven is considered to be acidic. A solution with a higher pH is a base. It is very important for organisms to maintain a stable pH. Biological molecules such as proteins function only at a certain pH level and any changes in pH can result in them not functioning properly. To maintain these constant pH levels‚ buffer solutions
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Methods Cell Lysis and Extraction of LDH: Approximately 40 g of minced chicken breast meat (40.327 g) is blended with 75ml cold extraction buffer in four 30-seconds bursts for homogenation of the muscle tissue. The extraction buffer contained 10mM Tris-HCl (pH-7.4)‚ 1mM 2-Mercaptoethanol‚ 1mM Phenylmethylsulfonylflouride (PMSF)‚ 1mM Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The homogenization procedure was carried out in the cold room to prevent the denaturation of proteins. The homogenate was centrifuged
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45μ membrane filter‚ diluted suitably and the absorbance of resultant solution was measured spectrophotometricaly at 267 nm using 0.1N hydrochloric acid as blank.5 Determination of Swelling Index4 The swelling index of tablets was determined in 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2) at room temperature. The swollen weight of the tablet was determined at predefined time intervals over a period of 8 h. The swelling index (SI)‚ expressed as a percentage‚ and was calculated from the following equation‚ In-vitro buoyancy
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sugar molecule glucose or oligosaccharides. - Intramolecular reaction: C = O group and one of the –OH groups Test for carbohydrates; time for the formation of osazone gives an idea for the identity of the sugar. Reagent: phenylhydrazine-HCl/NaCH3COOH Positive test: yellow crystals ACYL COMPOUNDS‚ SOAPS AND DETERGENTS SIMPLE SUGARS (monosaccharides) - Cannot be converted into smaller sugars by hydrolysis Glucose‚ fructose Undergo nucleophilic substitution Benzoic Acid -
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These are the reactions in which heat is necessary to take place i.e. when water is added to NaCO3‚ or NaHCO3‚ it absorbs heat and the solution become cold. Similarly‚ when we add H2SO4 to NaCl it will react and HCl gas will produce. Exothermic literally means ’release of heat’. EXO- means to give out THERMIC-Heat; therefore exothermic reaction. This involves the release of heat. Endothermic literally means
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Classification Tests for Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives Mary Catherine Sarte‚ John Emmanuel Sy‚ Allurie Umel‚Franklin Yap‚ Mary Christine YouIntroduction Carboxylic acids derivatives are simply groupsof compounds that contain a carbonyl group butwith an electronegative atom attached to thecarbon. The difference in the structure leads to amajor change in reactivity. The reactions of thesegroups of compounds involve nucleophilicsubstitution. Although there are abundant kindsof carboxylic acid derivatives
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EXPERIMENT 8 BOILING POINT n-Butyl Alcohol n-Butyl Alcohol‚ a four carbon straight chain alcohol‚ is a volatile‚ clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor; miscible with water. It is flammable strongly with a luminous flame. Formula: C4H9OH Boiling point: 118 ºC Melting point: -89 ºC Tert-Butyl Alcohol Tert-Butyl Alcohol or “2-methyl-2-propanol” is the simplest tertiary alcohol. It is one of the four isomers of butanol. Tert-Butanol is a clear liquid (or a colorless solid‚ depending on
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www.kalvisolai.com 5 Mark Compulsory Problems with Solution 1 +2 CHEMISTRY Q. 70 Compulsory Problems with Solution Problems are solved in easiest way (As per Government Answer Key) www.kalvisolai.com 5 Mark Compulsory Problems with Solution 2 SALIENT FEATURES Dear Students ❆ Q.No: 70 is asked as compulsory problem in Govt Exam. ❆ Two problems to be answered out of four problems. ❆ To simplify the problem‚ hints and expected compounds related to molecular formula‚ general formula are
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THE MOLE CONCEPT References : Mohammed and Lambert ( Old Edition) Chapter 11 pg. 107 Mohammed and Lambert ( New edition) Chapter 8 pg 123 Anne Tindale Chapter 10 pg 46 The following topics will be covered : 1. Definition of Relative Atomic and Relative Molecular Masses. 2. Calculation of Relative Molecular Masses 3. Converting Moles to Grams / Grams to Moles 4. Calculation from equations Masses of substances /Volumes of gases / Concentration
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INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrates are the product that made up from carbon‚ hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are form by the combination of carbon dioxide and water molecules. The carbohydrates contain two specific functional group in it which is the hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups.A reducing sugar is a type of sugar with is an aldehyde group.This means that sugar can act as a reducing agent.The procces of reducing sugar is isomerisation‚example of reducing sugar islactose
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