racemization and absolute configuration. 4. Single bonded functional groups 4 Alkyl halides: Classification and characteristics. Reactions‚ SN1‚ SN2‚ E1‚ E2 and their mechanisms‚ Grignard reagents Alcohols and ether: Synthesis‚ dehydration and oxidation of alcohols. Ether cleavage. Amines: Nucleophilic substitution‚ basicity and reaction with nitrous acid. 5.
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was all over the place‚ this is because the later I conduct the experiment‚ there is a higher chance of oxidation occur in the ascorbic acid solution as it have a direct contact with oxygen in the atmosphere. In order to keep constancy‚ I had to reduce the amount of ascorbic acid by ratio to 0.2g with 10ml of water. By measuring element for each trial‚ it is easier to control the rate of oxidation to have a data with higher precision.
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ALCOHOLS Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level‚ we will only look at compounds containing one -OH group. For example: Primary alcohols In a primary (1°) alcohol‚ the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group Some examples of primary alcohols include: Secondary alcohols In a secondary (2°) alcohol‚ the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined directly to
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ONE-SCHOOL.NET Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry Rate or Reaction Calculation Rate of Reaction (Average Rate) Rates of reaction = Quantity change of reactants/products Total time for the reaction If the quantity change is immeasurable Rates of reaction = 1 Total time for the reaction Find the Rate From a Graph Average Rate Rates At an Instant The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph The rate of reaction at an instant‚ t‚ is equal to the of quantity against
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ionic bonds in an ionic compound such as sodium chloride‚ arranged in giant lattice structures. Ionic compounds have very strong bonds and a lot of energy is required to break them‚ meaning they have high melting and boiling points. Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation: the gain of oxygen from a
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similar to the contents of the chloroplast stroma and like the chloroplast‚ the mitochondrion is a semi-autonomous organelles containing the machinery for the production of some of its own proteins. The main function of the mitochondrion is the oxidation of the pyruvate derived from glycolysis and related processes to produce the ATP required to perform cellular work.(Campbell 182-9) Pyruvate‚ or fatty acids from the breakdown of triglycerides or phospholipids‚ pass easily through pores in the outer
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not useful for blood glucose 3. Why may this situation have evolved 4. Under what circumstances do you think substantial gluconeogenesis will occur 5. What is necessary for the production of ketones 6. What will reduce acetyl CoA oxidation 7. When is oxaloacetate availability impaired 8. When is the regulation of gluconeogenesis disrupted Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated by eachother. What promotes the activity of one inhibits the other. Lack of
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properties of bitumen. There are mainly two types of ageing that is short term and long term ageing. There are two basic mechanisms involved in binder ageing; these include an irreversible process like chemical changes of the bitumen‚ consisting of oxidation of bitumen molecules‚ and loss of volatile components which subsequently has an impact on the rheological properties of the binders. The reversible process is the second mechanism termed as physical hardening; this involves the reorganization of
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Production of materials 1B – identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the refining of petroleum Industrial source of ethylene (ethene) * Obtained from Crude oil – fractional distillation * Heated to high temps * Components vaporise and rise up tower where condense and collect * Lower the boiling point‚ higher up tower compound rises * Separates crude oil into fraction each with different boiling range - Catalytic Cracking
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hydroxyl group. The carboxyl functional group may be attached to an alkyl group or an aromatic group. Benzoic acid‚ is a colourless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid. It is mainly consumed in the production of phenol by oxidation decarboxylation at 300-400. Oxidizing a primary alcohol can produce carboxylic acids. In this experiment‚ an aromatic carboxylic acids namely benzoic acid will be prepared by oxidizing benzyl alcohol‚ which is an aromatic alcohol with the formula
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