biological oxidation capacity of a wastewater‚ it is not a measure of the total potential oxidation of the organic compounds present in the wastewater. A number of chemical tests are used to measure this parameter‚ either in terms of the oxygen required for virtually complete oxidation‚ or in terms of the element carbon. Probably the most common test for estimating industrial wastewater strength is the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Test. This test essentially measures the chemical oxidation of the
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alkaline conditions (the Biuret test) with the oxidation of aromatic protein residues. The Lowry method is best used with protein concentrations of 0.01–1.0 mg/mL and is based on the reaction of Cu+‚ produced by the oxidation of peptide bonds‚ with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (a mixture of phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid in the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction). The reaction mechanism is not well understood‚ but involves reduction of the Folin reagent and oxidation of aromatic residues (mainly tryptophan
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than distilled water‚ which has a pH of 7. How does temperature/the presence of salinity affect the oxidation rate? Pyrite oxidation generates O2 and produces heat. Due to this‚ the acidity and temperature of the surrounding soil/solution will affect the overall reaction rates (4). Biological oxidation only occurs between 0oC and 55oC with an optimum range of 24oC – 45oC (4)‚ but chemical oxidation can happen at a much higher temperature. It is predicted that the PASS will oxidize at a much faster
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OUTCOMES 1. Describe composition of matter and chemical change. 2. Explain trends within the periodic table. 3. Describe Chemical Bonding in its various forms 4. Calculate chemical quantities and stoichiometry 5. Explain Oxidation - Reduction reactions 6. Demonstrate a knowledge of Organic Chemistry (Optional Element) LEARNING OUTCOME | ASSESSMENT CRITERIA | 1. Describe composition of matter and chemical change. | 1.1 Describe the nature of matter in terms of atoms
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is where photosynthesis occurs. Respiration can be defined as the oxidation of the end products of glycolysis with the storage of the energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration occurs when oxygen is available‚ and the products are carbon dioxide and water. There are three main pathways in the cellular respiration process. These are: pyruvate oxidation‚ the citric acid cycle‚ and the respiratory chain. Pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotic cells occurs inside the mitochondrion in the inner membrane
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE INFORMATION Confidential Code Course Level Credit Hours Contact Hours : : : : : CHM 556 Organic Chemistry II Degree 4 3 hr (Lecture) 3 hr (Practical) 3 Core CHM 456 Part Course Status Pre-requisite : : : Course Outcomes : Upon completion of this course‚ students should be able to: 1. Determine functional groups present in organic compounds using Infrared Spectroscopy and interpret Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra and relate the information to structural
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Greenhouse gas Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space‚ the atmosphere‚ and Earth’s surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2). A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.[1] The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor‚ carbon dioxide‚ methane‚ nitrous oxide‚
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Experiment 1: Isolation of Casein from Milk * pH of milk – 6.6 * milk = 87.1% water‚ 4.9 % CHO 3.9 %‚ fats‚ 0.7% minerals Experiment 2: Protein Hydrolysis and Characterization | Reagents | Principle | Test for | Positive Result | Negative Result | Biuret | CuSO4‚ NaOH | Complexation of Cu+2 with amide N atoms | Polypeptide bonds | Violet/purple solution | Blue color solution | Sakaguchi | 10% NaOH‚ 0.02% α-naphtol solution‚ 2% NaOBr | arginine condenses with α-naphtol and NaOH
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Chemistry Book Notes: Chapter 21: Buffers and the Titration of Acids and Bases 21-1 Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation THE HH EQUATION OFTEN CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE THE pH OF A BUFFER SOLUTION -buffer >a solution containing both a weak acid and its conjugate base can resist a change in pH by neutralizing either an added acid or an added base. Ex. acetic acid-acetate soln (acid with conj. Base) > Kc for a buffer reaction can = 1/Ka or 1/Kb if you add an acid or base because
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Sir Safar Lecture 2 Finals Pentose Phosphate Pathway (S. 70) Alternative pathway for glucose oxidation. Similar to glycolysis‚ but instead of having pyruvate as the end product it is diverted to other pathways. Supplier of energy to the cell in the form of NADPH (a reducing power for biosynthesis). It is also referred to as hexose monophosphate shunt. *Fate of glucose 6-phosphate (G 6-P) IN THE PPP (S. 71) Taken out from glycolysis and converted into Ribulose 5-phosphate. With the conversion
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