Formation of an Alkene by Alcohol Dehydration Lab Report Balanced Chemical Equation for the Main Reaction Mechanism The acid-catalyzed dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols involves non-isolable carbocation intermediaries. In the first step of the of the reaction mechanism below‚ a phosphoric acid catalyst adds a proton to the oxygen atom of the alcohol to form an oxonium ion. The OH is converted to a better leaving group as the positive charge on the oxygen weakens the carbon-oxygen
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Hydrosulfuric acid formula | H2SO4 | 18 | Nitrous acid formula | HNO2 | 19 | Potassium phosphate formula | KH2PO4 | 20 | Silver nitrate formula | AgNO3 | 21 | Sodium carbonate formula | Na2CO3 | 22 | Sodium chloride formula | NaCl | 23 | Aaluminum hydroxide formula | Al(OH)3 | 24 | Magnesium hydroxide formula | Mg(OH)3 | 25 | Methane formula | CH4 | 26 | Nitrogen monoxide formula | NO | 27 | Potassium hydroxide formula | KOH | 28 | Sodium nitrate formula | NaNO3 | 29 | Sulfurous
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variables in this experiment were the volume‚ 250 mL of water‚ and the time‚ 40 minutes‚ checking every 10 minutes. This experiment was performed to determine the optimal conditions for when osmosis and diffusion occur. Hypothesis: Part A: The potassium permanganate will diffusion more evenly in hot water compared to the cold water because water molecules move faster when they are hotter. Part B: The “sausage” with the greatest change because of osmosis will be tube C which is undiluted corn syrup in
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Mixing and Mass Energy Balance CHEM08004: Chemical Analysis and Evaluation 3/26/2014 Mass balance‚ Mixing‚ Absorbance‚ Temperature‚ Weight‚ Product Absorbance‚ Equilibrium‚ Acid‚ Alkali‚ Salt‚ pH‚ Total moles‚ Concentration‚ Potassium Permanganate‚ Ethanoic acid‚ Sodium Hydroxide‚ Sodium Chloride Introduction Mass Balance By the use of mass balances scientists can: Calculate the amounts of raw materials needed for a process‚ estimate the quantity of product that can be made
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several reagents can be used: • The Jones reagent (CrO3/H+‚ Cr2O72-/H+‚ H2CrO4)‚ • Potassium permanganate (KMnO4/-OH or H+)‚ • Collins reagent (CrO2/Pyridine “PCC” (no water present) Secondary alcohols use the same reagents as primary alcohols. Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation. For the aldehydes‚ the Tollins reagent (Ag(NH3)2 is used in addition to the potassium permanganate and the Jones reagent. Scheme: Reagent Table and Instruments Common Name Molecular
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chemical reactions used for their preparation are oxidations. In this experiment‚ an aromatic carboxylic acids namely benzoic acid will be prepared by oxidizing benzyl alcohol which is a primary alcohol. The oxidizing agent used is alkaline potassium permanganate (VII). Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH. It is a primary alcohol because the carbon atom which the hydroxyl group‚-OH group is connected joins to one alkyl group and two hydrogen atoms.
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non-metals (both negative in compounds) and both are used for disinfecting and bleaching. What will happen if chlorine is added to a solution containing bromide ions? What will happen if bromine is added to a solution containing chloride ions? Permanganate ions (MnO4-) react with iron(II) ions (Fe2+) in acid solution. What about the ratio in which these ions react? Does the balanced equation
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could occur. These pumps correspond to the sodium/potassium pump in the cell membrane. The sodium/potassium pump actively pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions pumped into the cell‚ thus maintaining the membrane potential. You may wish to figure out other macroscopic situations where active energy input is required. The potassium permanganate should have traveled about twice as far as the potassium chromate. The potassium chromate should have traveled just a bit further
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OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION: IODIMETRIC AND IODOMETRIC METHOD SUBSTANCE TO BE ASSAY AQUEOUS/NON-AQUEOUS ALKALINITY / ACIDIMETRY DIRECT/RESIDUAL TITRATION TITRANT INDICATOR CHEMICAL REACTION Assay of Antimony potassium tartrate Direct titration 0.1 N Iodine Starch TS KOOCCHOHCHOHCOO (SbO) + I2 + H2O KOOCCHOHCHOHCOO (SbO2) + 2HI + 2HI + 2NaHCO3 2NaI + 2H2O +
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INVESTIGATION 12.A Target Skills Determining the reactivity of various metals Testing Relative Oxidizing and Reducing Strengths of Metal Atoms and Ions By observing whether reactions occur between solid metals and metal ions in solution‚ you can determine the order of oxidizing and reducing agents according to strength. Question How can the presence or absence of a reaction provide information about the relative strength of oxidizing and reducing agents? Safety Precautions
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