organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms. They include the alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes‚ and aromatic hydrocarbons. Because of their relatively non-polarity‚ all hydrocarbons are insoluble in water. When hydrocarbons burn in sufficient oxygen‚ carbon dioxide and water are the sole products. The main structural difference among hydrocarbon families is the presence of double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. The alkanes are saturated organic compounds‚ or those with only single bonds. Unsaturated
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DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ADVANCED CHEMISTRY IV- Euler LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson‚ students are expected to: Write the IUPAC name of certain alcohol compounds; SUBJECT MATTER Topic: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid References: General‚ Organic and Biochemistry by Denniston‚ Topping and Caret. Page 283-289. Fundamentals of General‚ Organic and Biochemistry by John R. Holum. Page 418-425. Materials: Ball and stick model of compounds Overhead projector Textbooks Pictures of certain
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Preparing Isopentyl Acetate by the Fischer Esterification Preparing Isopentyl Acetate by the Fischer Esterification Leah Monroe May 8‚ 2003 Organic Chemistry Lab II Experiment performed on April 29 and May 1‚ 2003 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize isopentyl acetate via an esterification reaction between acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol‚ using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The product was washed with sodium hydrogen carbonate‚ as well as with water
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Cyclohexene Synthesis by Dehydration Reaction of Cyclohexanol Gjulia Vokrri 02-15-2013 Abstract Alkenes can be produced by heating and dehydrating an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid. The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize cyclohexene by dehydration of cyclohexanol and to detect the presence of a double bond in the alkene. The dehydration reaction using distillation was
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Arenes The aromatic hydrocarbons also have the name arenes. They contain in their molecule one or more cycles made up from 6 carbon atoms. When the molecule is formed out of a single cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are mono nucleuses; when the molecule contains more than one cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are poly nucleuses. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon‚ benzene‚ is compound out of just one such cycle; its formula is C6H6. The representation of benzene through a cycle of 6 carbon atoms with 3 double bounds
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representing an aromatic ring (Webbook.nist). Table 2 also exemplifies a peak was present at 2943 and 2970 cm^(-1). Alkanes have a literature range ranging from 3000-2800 cm^(-1)‚ therefore‚ these two peaks are representing alkanes present in the molecule. The literature IR spectrum of N‚N-diethyl-m-toluamide has two peaks at approximately 2970 and 2950 cm^(-1)‚ representing alkanes (Webbook.nist).
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The percent yield of the isopentyl acetate was 74.3% and this low percent yield could have occurred due to some amount of gas escaping from reflux apparatus’ top or apparatus was not fully closed so that some of the heat escaped and did not proceed the reaction well‚ leaving reagents. Another source of error could be that some of the organic layer could have been transferred along with the aqueous layer when the aqueous layer was getting separated from the organic layer by a pipette. One of the
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5. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used primarily to control taste and odors‚ remove color‚ control biological growth in treatment plants‚ and remove iron and manganese. In a secondary role‚ potassium permanganate may be useful in controlling the formation of THMs and other DBPs by oxidizing precursors and reducing the demand for other disinfectants (Hazen and Sawyer‚ 1992). The mechanism of reduced DBPs may be as simple as moving the point of chlorine application further
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Points to use during project: 1) Cholera was first described by Filippo Paccini in 1854‚ but it was Robert Koch’s famous description thirty years later that was finally recognized. 2) Cholera came to Florence in 1854 during the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63. Notes on Cholera (lenntech.com) Cholera is an acute‚ diarrhoeal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae. A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera
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1. Predict the molecular formula of an alkane with 13 carbon atoms. .................................................................................................................................. [Total 1 mark] 2. Bromobutane‚ CH3CH2CH2CH2Br‚ can be reacted with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide to prepare butan-1-ol. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH– → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Br– A student reacted 8.72 g of bromobutane with an excess of OH–. The student produced 4.28 g of butan-1-ol. (i) Calculate the amount
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