> Hydrolyzed Hydrolyzed Starch Blue -> brown Hydrolyzed Sucrose Blue -> reddish brown Questions: 1) Draw the structures of the osazones produced in the experiment. 2) Theoretically‚ arrange the following sugars according to their reactivity with the Benedict’s Reagent (Glucose‚ Fructose‚ Maltose‚ Sucrose‚ Starch) Glucose > Fructose > Maltose > Sucrose > Starch 3) What is the difference between the Benedict’s Test and Barfoed’s Test? The Benedict’s Test is used to test for the
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must be electrolytes dissolved in it before electricity can pass through it. When the concentration of sulfuric acid is increased‚ the number of ions is increased. There will be more ion carrying electric charge. Then‚ current is increased. Introduction and Background This is the Cu-Zn voltaic cell used in the experiment. Zinc has higher reactivity and it is more likely to loss electrons. Thus‚ electrons flow from Zn electrode to Cu electrode. Copper stripe is the positive electrode. Zinc stripe
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CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • Inductive Effect : Inductive effect is defined as permanent displacement of shared electron pair in a carbon chain towards more electronegative atom or group. Types of Inductive effect : 1.Negative Inductive Effect : (—I effect‚ Electron withdrawing effect) when an electronegative atom or group (more electro negative than hydrogen)is attached to the terminal of the carbon chain in a compound‚ the electrons are displaced in the direction of the attached
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the Atomic number and the Atomic mass of an element. -Atomic Number- The number of protons an element has. -Atomic Mass-The number of Protons + Neutrons. *the number of neutrons = the number of electrons 3- Understand the concepts of ions and isotopes. -Ions-An atom or molecule that has lost or gained a charge. -Isotopes-When two forms of the same element have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons. 4-Be able to draw the electron shell diagram of an atom based on
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bus 9.2 – Production of Materials: Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Basic reactions to remember: – Acid reactions: ▪ acid + base [pic] salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) [pic]NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ▪ acid + metal [pic] salt + hydrogen gas HCl(aq) + Mg(s)[pic]MgCl2(s) + H2 (g) ▪ acid + carbonate [pic] salt + carbon dioxide gas + water HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)[pic] CaCl(s) + CO2(g) + H2O
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Biochemical Pathways of Heavy Metals Poisoning BIO101 (Principles of Biology) 6 July 2012 Abstract The biochemical pathways of heavy metal poisoning are routes by which the metals pass in the body as they impair and destroy normal cellular and organ activity. The most common types of heavy metal poisoning are caused by lead‚ arsenic‚ cadmium and mercury. They are also the most extensively studied at the moment. Lead poisoning occurs mainly by the inhibitory effect that the metal imposes on enzymes
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creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion‚ which is an ion that is the result of an electrophilic attack on a benzene ring. And deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity. Nitration is defined as replacing a hydrogen with a nitro (NO2) group. Nitration requires the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. Mechanism of Nitration. A. Overall reaction: B. Mechanism: The nitronium ion is the electrophile generated by the nitric acid/sulfuric
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Voltage supplied to the electrodes (V) Dependent variable – Rate of Cation production in the cathode (gs-1) Controlled variables: Variable Method of control Reason to control Electrolyte Use Zinc Sulfate Different electrolyte Cations have different reactivity rates. Rate of Cation production can alter. *See hypothesis for more info. Concentration of Electrolyte 1moldm-3 Zinc Sulfate A highly concentrated substance can undergo electrolysis easier *see hypothesis Amount of charge supplied Maintain 2.1Amps
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Title : Investigation of Action of Saliva and 3M HCl in Two Carbohydrates Solutions. Objective : To investigate the action of saliva and 3M hydrochloric acid in two carbohydrate solution. Result : Table 1 : The presence of starch and reducing sugar in the solution Observation Conclusion Solution A Benedict’s test : The transparent blue solution turns into opaque brick-red precipitate Iodine’s test : The clear colourless solution turns into transparent yellowish-brown
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forming ether from alcohol. Alexander Williamson discovered this reaction in 1850. Usually suitable either on the basis of availability or reactivity. The Williamson reaction is also frequently used to prepare an ether indirectly from two alcohols. One of the alcohols is first converted to a leaving group‚ then other two reacted. Alkyl is treated with alkoxide ion. Alkoxide can easily formed by doing alcohol with base. Theory 2-octadecyloxynaphthalene made by SN2 reaction‚ by carbon from BrC18H27
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