conduct a free radical reaction and measure the ratio of products through a GC analysis. Free radical reactions are important to understand because they allow chemists to design synthesis of complex molecules from very simple organic molecules. The reagents used were 2‚3-dimethylbutane as the carbon chain‚ t-butyl peroxybenzoate as the initiator‚ and sulfuryl chloride as the source of chloride radicals. The predicted products are 1-chloro-2‚3-dimethylbutane and 2-chloro-2‚3-dimethylbutane based on the
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solvent polar or non-polar and the temperatures are the factors of electrophilic substitution on aromatic compounds. 1. INTRODUCTION The most common reaction of aromatic compounds is electrophilic substitution. It is when an electron-poor reagent (an electrophile‚ E+) reacts with the electron-rich aromatic ring ( a nucleophile) and substitutes for one of the ring hydrogen. Electrophilic Substitution has several factors that affect its relative rates and this includes the following: substituents
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Analysis of an Unknown Mixture Performed: 2/13/14 Submitted: 3/3/14 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to separate and identify the two unknown compounds. The sample used was 105 and it contain 2-propanol and 2-heptanone. IR spectrums were taken of the contents of the second and sixth test tubes and showed the presence of an OH functional group and a small amount of ketone in test tube two and a large presence of ketone in test tube six. The average boiling points of the test tubes
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each into a different test tube. 3. If the acid does not dissolve‚ place it in 50。C to heat until totally dissolved. 4. Add 3 drops of 5% KMnO4 to each‚ then shake and observe the reactions. 9.3.2 Reaction with Tollen’s Reagent 1. Place 3 ml of Tollen’s Reagent in 4 separate test tubes. 2. Add 3 drops of formic acid‚ acetic acid‚ benzoic acid‚ and oxalic acid each into a different test tube. 3. If the acid is a solid‚ dissolve 50 mg in 4-5 drops of ethanol before putting into the test
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standardize acid and base solutions. In this experiment‚ the students to students will be able to know the proper way of preparing solutions from solid and liquid reagents by using the proper pieces of glassware and equipment and to calculate the exact concentration of the prepared solution from standardization. PROCEDURE The reagents that were used in this experiment were concentrated hydrochloric acid‚ sodium hyrdoxide‚ sodium carbonate‚ potassium acid phthalate and phenolphthalein as indicator
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included the reagents: H2O‚ 10X Buffer‚ 25mM MgCl2‚ Forward Primer‚ Reverse Primer‚ 10mM dNTP’s‚ and taq was added in after. This helped in reducing the likelihood of errors in pipetting each reagent for each reaction and reducing the time it would take to do so. Moreover‚ we were only able to make 7 reactions worth when we should have had about 10. The first time we made the master mix we did not pipette gently and too many bubbles formed‚ so we had to use whatever was left of the reagents to make the
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Megan Entwistle‚ Maria Amos‚ and Paul Golubic CHEM 0330 Organic Lab 1 Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone 11/16/11 Introduction Redox (shorthand for REDuction-OXidation) reactions are chemical reactions in which the oxidation state (or oxidation number) of atoms has changed. Oxidation can be observed through the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by an atom‚ ion or molecule. Reduction describes the gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state
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BIOL 140 Lab—The Chemical Composition of Cells Name ____________________________ I) Introduction All cells contain four major types of macromolecules: carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ nucleic acids‚ and proteins. In today’s lab‚ we will be studying three of the four-proteins‚ carbohydrates and lipids. Various chemical tests can be used to detect the presence of each of these molecules. Most of the tests involve a color change visible to the eye. If a color change is observed‚ the test is considered positive
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Pre-Lab 1 Assignment Quantitative Analysis of Biomolecules Biochemical analysis involves the characterization of biomolecules within a sample using appropriate laboratory techniques. There are two principal approaches: 1. Qualitative analysis – where a sample is analyzed to determine whether a biomolecule is present or absent. As an example‚ a blood sample might be analyzed for a specific antibody or a bacterial cell might be probed for a nucleic acid sequence. 2. Quantitative analysis
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O_8〗^(2-)]〗^a 〖[I^-]〗^b by using the experimental data to calculate the values of exponents a and b as well as the rate constant k. Experimental Supplies Needed: 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask‚ 100 mL beaker‚ graduated cylinders for each reagent distributed‚ digital timer. Reagents Needed: 0.4 mol 〖Na〗_2 S_2 O_3 / Liter‚ starch solution (freshly prepared)‚ 0.2 mol 〖KNO〗_3 / Liter‚ 0.1 mol EDTA / Liter (in a dropping bottle)‚ 0.2 mol (〖〖NH〗_4)〗_2 S_2 O_8 / Liter (prepared fresh)‚ 0.2 mol KI / Liter. Safety
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