IGCSE Chemistry 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: 1. The particulate nature of matter 2. Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement 2.2 (a) Criteria of purity 2.2 (b) Methods of purification 3. Atoms‚ elements and compounds 4.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table 4.2 Bonding the structure of matter 3.2 (a) Ions and ionic bonds 3.2 (b) Molecules and covalent bonds 3.2 (c) Macromolecules 3.2 (d) Metallic bonding 3 Stoichiometry 4
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known as “gum benzoin”. It’s used to make incense and to slow fragrance release in perfumes. Benzoates are derived from benzoic acid. Today benzoic acid is made in the laboratory from other chemicals instead of being extracted from gum benzoin. Cinnamon contains benzoic acid. Source: AliciaC Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate Pure benzoic acid is a white to colorless solid which consists of crystalline needles or scales. It’s a member of the carboxylic acid family and has the molecular formula
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Food ©2007 Global Science Books Food Preservation – A Biopreservative Approach Iraj Rasooli Department of Biology‚ Shahed University‚ Opposite Imam Khomeini’s Shrine‚ Tehran-Qom Express Way‚ Tehran‚ Iran Correspondence: * rasooli@shahed.ac.ir ABSTRACT Preservative agents are required to ensure that manufactured foods remain safe and unspoiled. Antimicrobial properties of essential oils (EOs) reveal that Gram-positive bacteria are more vulnerable than Gram-negative bacteria. A number of EO
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Self-assessment practice tests Test 1 – Material from Chapters 2–4 | 45 minutes 1 The kinetic theory suggests different arrangements for the atoms or molecules in the three states of matter. The diagrams below show how evidence suggests the particles are arranged in the three states of matter. 1 2 3 What are the three states shown? 1 A B C D 2 gas liquid solid liquid 2 liquid gas liquid solid 3 solid solid gas gas The graph shows the heating curve for a metal that is solid at room temperature (25
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DRIED MALUNGGAY (Moringa oleifera) LEAVES IN ETHANOL PRODUCTION A Research Proposal Presented to Carmona National High School Special Science Curriculum In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Research I Proponents: Catangay‚ Jhantal A. Gicana‚ Emchie Elaine R. Marasigan‚ Jan Ian B. Natividad‚ Abigail Jacinthe B. Viaje‚ Kyrinne Kate M. Zara‚ Hazel Jane Muriel C. March 2012 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND We all know that ethanol or ethyl alcohol has a very
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playing their part in modern medicines (A. Sangal‚ 2011). Cinnamon is using in our daily life as spices and medicines. Cinnamon also coming in use in form of phenolic compounds‚ flavonoids‚ essential oils‚ bark powders and isolated components. It is also in use in aroma and essence industries due to its different fragrance which after processing is incorporated into various food stuffs‚ perfumes and medicines (T.-C. Huang et al.‚ 2007). Cinnamon is playing a vital role in advancements of human beings
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Manufacture of Perfume Scent from Rosa Berberifolia Background of Research Why is it that women love perfumes as much as men love cars? According to (Smith and Wade‚ 2008) “There are studies that most of women’s reason for loving perfume is because of the pheromones their bodies produce. Often these scents or perfumes trigger the increase of how much pheromone a woman’s body will produce” (p.12) In studies carried out‚ nearly 80% of all women will make a perfume purchase at least each year. Not
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by destructive distillation of bones. In this study‚ coconut shell were chosen as a precursor for the production of activated carbon and the various methods of activation were studied to find the best activating reagent‚ since coconut shells are a waste material available at cheap rates in India and are abundant in nature. Production of activated carbon can either be through physical or chemical activation. Physical activation involves carbonization in a furnace followed by steam or carbon dioxide
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Love “There is a charm about the forbidden that makes it unspeakably desirable” quote by Mark Twain. Michael Ondaatje feels similarly in his poem “The Cinnamon Peeler” because he longs to be with his beloved but this is not possible. We infer that Ondaatje is in a lower caste than his love because he hypothetically states “If I were a cinnamon peeler…” (1). The idea of them being together is what sets off this love poem. He goes on a type of role-playing game in which he and his wife are such
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“Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing” Before Studding “Ammonia Treatment” we have to know about the Pretreatments in textile processing…. Why we do Pre-Treatments? Pretreatment is the heart of processing of textile. Grey cloth after weaving is quite unattractive and contains numerous natural as well as added impurities which hinder the successful carrying out of subsequent step like dyeing‚ printing and finishing. What are Pre-Treatments? In Pretreatment‚ all
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