EKG Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise Jonathan Murdock March 5‚ 2013 March 19‚ 2013 (KIN 375) Purpose: In the United States‚ people suffer from heart problems every day. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)‚ every year about 935‚000 people in the United States suffer from a heart attack and about 600‚000 die from heart problems. Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG) provide important information concerning the electrical activity
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The Action Potential Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc.‚ publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) ** If this is not printed in color‚ it is suggested you color code the ion channels and ions as you go through this topic. Ions channels and ions should be color coded as follows: Red: Sodium ion channels and sodium ions Blue: Potassium ion channels and potassium ions Page 1. Introduction • Neurons communicate over
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Review Sheet Exercise 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses Eliciting (Generating) a Nerve Impulse 1. Why don’t the terms depolarization and action potential mean the same thing? They require different things. Action potential requires depolarization and repolarization. Depolarization doesn’t require anything. 2. What was the threshold voltage in Activity 1? 3.0V 3. What was the effect of increasing the voltage? How does this change correlate to changes in the nerve? The action potential
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Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers. Your answer: Ach is released at the neuromuscular jxn‚ Ach attaches to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane‚ which opens the ion channels that allows for depolarization that leads to an AP that contracts muscles. 4. Describe the three phases of a skeletal muscle twitch. Your answer: Latent: delay between the stimulus and muscle contraction Contraction: Muscle fibers shorten Relaxation: muscles lengthen to
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acetylcholine 4. Circle the correct boldfaced term. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate. 5. What happens in each of the five phases of cardiac muscle depolarization? PHASE0(RAPID DEPOLARIZATION) due to opening of fast voltage gated sodium channels PHASE1(INITIAL REPOLARIZATION) due to closure of sodium channels while loss of potassium is goingon ‚making the cell polarized. PHASE2(PLATEAU) due to opening of calcium
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Anatomy Review: The Heart Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc.‚ publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction • The heart is the transport system pump; the delivery routes are the blood vessels. Using blood as the transport medium‚ the heart propels oxygen‚ nutrients‚ wastes‚ and other substances to and past the body cells. Page 2. Goals • To review the anatomy of the heart. • To review the pulmonary and systemic circuits. • To review
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Signals Traveling in Neurons Two opposing ideas about the nervous system * Reticular theory ( the nervous system consisted of a large network of fused nerve cells) * Neuron theory ( the nervous system consisted of distinct elements or cells * Discovery of staining led to the acceptance of neuron theory. Staining is a chemical technique that caused nerve cells to become colored so they stood out from surrounding tissue * A way of electricity is transmitted in groups of neurons‚ such
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GENERATE ACTION POTENTIALS AT A GREATER FREQUENCY THAN OTHER CARDIAC MUS THEY ARE THE PACEMAKER OF THE HEARTTHEREFORE‚ IT SETS THE HEARTRATE UNDER NORMAL Electrocardiography 3. Define ECG. THE GRAPHIC RECORDING OF THE ELECTRICAL CHANGES (DEPOLARIZATION FOLLOWED DURING THE CARDIAC CYCLE REPOLARIZATION) OCCURING DURING THE CARDIAC CYCLE. 4. Draw an ECG wave form representing one heartbeat. Label the P‚ QRS‚ and T waves; the P–R interval; the S–T segment‚ and the Q–T interval. R S T P T Q PR
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making membrane potential transiently positive - we can record and measure ion currents using electrophysiology - hyperpolarization is usually the movement of +ve ions moving outward‚ but it can also be the movement of –ve ions moving inward; while depolarization is the opposite How do these membrane potentials arise? - electrical signals are generated through action of ion channels by opening and closing - the membrane bi-layer is impermeable to ions (polar/hydrophilic faces outward; nonpolar/hydrophobic
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Chapter 1 great review of the basic anatomical areas of the body 1. Metabolism‚ anabolism‚ catabolism 2. ICF‚ ECF 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. Parasagittal 7. D‚ effectors 8. A‚ differentiation 9. C‚ hypogastric 10. C‚ 3 11. Axillary-armpit‚ inguinal-groin‚ cervical-neck‚ cranial-skull‚ oral-mouth‚ brachial-arm‚ orbital-eye‚ gluteal-buttock‚ buccal-cheek‚ cixal-hip 12. 1 superior‚ 12 superficial‚ 1superior and 6 lateral‚ 6 lateral‚ 4 posterior‚ 8 ipsilateral
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