DEFINITIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION (REDOX) This page looks at the various definitions of oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of the transfer of oxygen‚ hydrogen and electrons. It also explains the terms oxidising agent and reducing agent. Oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen transfer Definitions • Oxidation is gain of oxygen. • Reduction is loss of oxygen. For example‚ in the extraction of iron from its ore: [pic] Because both reduction and oxidation are going on side-by-side
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and solubility. How do chemical bonds occur? Chemical bonding occurs when two atoms with unfull valence orbitals react and exchange or share electrons; the result is either a covalent bond (shared electrons so that each has a full shell) or an ionic bond (the electron is completely removed from one atom and given to the other; the differently charged ions then attract and bond). 1. Covalent bonding Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 23‚ 1875 – March 23‚ 1946)[2] was an American physical chemist
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stone columns. The three shown above can be identified by the top part of the column. Doric columns are plain on top. Ionic columns have scrolls and Corinthian has carved stone leaves. We still use these styles in Washington‚ DC; the Lincoln Memorial has Doric columns‚ the Jefferson Memorial has Ionic columns‚ and the Supreme Court has Corinthian columns. Doric Column Ionic Column Corinthian Column
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highest point of Paestum as do most temples of Athena do. ! ! Up until now in history buildings have either been doric or Ionic‚ but the Temple of Athena combines the two. The temple is peripteral‚ hexastyle with thirteen columns on the side‚ resting on a three stepped krepis. The columns on the exterior colonnade our doric‚ while the columns of the pronaos are ionic. An unusual feature is the combination of materials in the frieze‚ along with the absence of a horizontal cornice. As for the
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constant‚ Ksp‚ of an ionic compound. Introduction The solubility product constant‚ Ksp‚ is a particular type of equilibrium constant. The equilibrium is formed when an ionic solid dissolves in water to form a saturated solution. The equilibrium exists between the aqueous ions and the undissolved solid. A saturated solution contains the maximum concentration of ions of the substance that can dissolve at the solution’s temperature. The equilibrium equation showing the ionic solid lead chloride
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Introduction This experiment is based upon a discovery made through the isolation of PbI2 using a particular scientific method‚ which studies ratios of lead to iodine. Precipitation reactions occur when oppositely charged ions attract and form an insoluble ionic solid. This experiment examines the precipitation reaction between lead (II) nitrate‚ Pb(NO3)2‚ and potassium iodide‚ KI. Both are dissolved in water and the reaction between these solutes will produce a water insoluble yellow solid referred to as
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Do ionic compounds conduct electricity as (3 points) Solids No Liquids Yes Aqueous solutions (when the ionic compounds are dissolved in water) Yes Do covalent compounds conduct electricity as (3 points) Solids no Liquids No Aqueous solutions (when the covalent compounds are dissolved in water) No Part I Lab Insert completed data tables for each part of the lab. Be sure that the data tables are organized and include units when necessary. Melting Point (4 points) Conductivity (4 points) Part II Conclusion
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Chemistry 121 Experiment 19 Molar Mass Determination y Depression of the Freezing Point Introduction: The most commonly used liquid is water. In this experiment we study the equilibria that can exist between pure water and an aqueous solution‚ and ice‚ the solid form of water. The heat will transfer from a higher temperature to a lower temperature. In order for water to change states of matter‚ it takes a certain amount of kinetic energy or heat. The shift from ice to water (solid to a liquid)
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Acids Bases and pH Scale I. Acids *Acids are ionic compounds ( a compound with a positive or negative charge) that break apart in water to form a hydrogen ion (H+). *The strength of an acid is based on the concentration of H+ ions in the solution. The more H+ the stronger the acid. Example: HCl (Hydrochloric acid) in water Characteristics of Acids: **Acids taste sour **Acids react strongly with metals (Zn + HCl) **Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your skin
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the Lewis structures of the solute and the solvent. b. Classify the solute and the solvent as polar‚ nonpolar or ionic. c. Identify the solute-solute‚ solvent-solvent and solute-solvent attractive forces. Lewis Structures Solutes: NaCl Naphthalene Glycerol Potassium Iodide Iodine Crystal Solvents: Distilled water Ethyl Alcohol Toluene Solutions Polar‚ Non-Polar or Ionic Attractive Forces NaCl + Distilled Water Solute NaCl Solute-solute Solute-solvent Solvent Distilled water
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