Biology‚ 7e (Campbell) Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Chapter Questions 1) Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because A) genes dictate the production of specific enzymes‚ and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes. B) enzymes are made of DNA‚ and affected individuals lack DNA polymerase. C) many metabolic enzymes use DNA as a cofactor‚ and affected individuals have mutations that prevent their enzymes
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One way alphaviruses and VEEV in particular can avoid the innate immune system is due to the ability to avoid detection by the RIG-I pathway. One mechanism VEEV employs to avoid detection by RIG-I is through RNA capping. Capping is necessary for translation but it also helps the RNA avoid recognition by RIG-I. The VEEV non-structural protein 1 (nsP1) is responsible for capping the viral RNA. The first step in the reaction is the methylation of GTP via the methyltransferase activity of nsP1. This results
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CHAPTER EIGHT 8 AN OVERVIEW OF GENE EXPRESSION HOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL SWITCHES WORK THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT CREATE SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROLS Control of Gene Expression An organism’s DNA encodes all of the RNA and protein molecules that are needed to make its cells. Yet a complete description of the DNA sequence of an organism—be it the few million nucleotides of a bacterium or the few billion nucleotides in each human cell—does not enable us to reconstruct the
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with a regulatory gene. It also includes a promoter gene‚ operator gene‚ structural genes. Regulatory genes control transcription with positive or negative signal. (Jacob‚ and Monod‚ 1961) A positive signal‚ inducer‚ would stimulate binding of RNA polymerase by binding to the operator gene and transcription would occur. A negative signal‚ repressor‚ would not have any transcription occurring as it would not allow RNA polymerase to bind to promoter. This control of gene expression allows organism
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AGR 3303 Genetics Exam 2 February 28‚ 2007 There are 25 questions and each correct response is worth 4 points. Please darken in the circles to spell your last name‚ FI‚ and MI and to record your UF ID and test code number. The test code number is located at the bottom of each page of your exam and should be recorded in the spaces provided for questions 76-80. Failure to correctly mark your the test code will result in a grade of 0 for your exam score. Once exams have been graded‚ your grade will
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There are many differences in the composition and storage of genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Chromosomes in prokaryotes consist of a single nucleic acid molecule which can be either DNA or RNA. There is comparatively little genetic material for example E.coli genome is 1200 micrometres while a single human chromosome is between 12000 and 73000 micrometers in size. Unlike in eukaryotes the genetic material in viral prokaryotes can be single or double stranded RNA or DNA. It can also
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process known as translation‚ RNA constructs the proteins necessary to sustain life. Spliceosomes Process pre-mRNA by splicing out intronic nucleic acids producing mRNA which is then translated to protein in ribosomes. Codons are three letter codes eg: AUG which codes for metheonine. Likewise there are many codons which code for different amino acids. Ribosomes bind to the mature mRNA at an AUG site and‚ for each codon (3 mRNA nucleic acids)‚ a tRNA brings an amino acid for the translation‚ until the stop
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DNA Extraction Lab Problem Statement: Do you think you have ever eaten DNA? Background Information: DNA is too small to see under a regular microscope‚ so how can it be studied? DNA is a large molecule found in all living things; therefore it is possible to extract it from cells or tissues. All we need to do is disrupt the cell’s plasma membrane and nuclear envelope‚ make the DNA clump together and - voila! - DNA extraction is possible. DNA extractions from onion‚ bananas‚ liver‚ or wheat
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Ligase in DNA Replication Role of mRNA in Transcription & Translation mRNA “copies” the message or the information from DNA mRNA then leaves that DNA parental strand & “hooks” up with ribosome Ribosome works with the mRNA & “calls” for tRNA tRNA then “reads” the mRNA in codons & brings amino acids to the mRNA Amino acids then attach to the transfer molecule & create a protein chain Diagram of mRNA in Transcription & Translation Role of RNA Polymerase Inhibition
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helix and transcription begins. Transcription is the first step of gene expression‚ in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by theenzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids‚ which use base pairs of nucleotides as acomplementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription‚ a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase‚ which produces a complementary‚ antiparallelRNA strand. Translation requires
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