Part I: Bonding A) Group # and Valence Electrons -is used to describe the column in which an element is in. i.e.‚ Lithium is in group 1. *Group number tells you how many valence electrons a specific element has. i.e.‚ Aluminum has 3 valence electrons. B) Ionic Bonding -Ionic bonds form F.U.’s (formula units) -A bond between a metal and a non metal -Occurs when an atom has lost or gained an electron **BRING YOUR ION SHEET FOR NAMING** C) Covalent Bonding -Covalent bonds form molecules
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all or part of Mr. Cohn. d) Atoms can bond ionically‚ whereby an atom gives up valence electrons and becomes a + ion‚ and another atom receives those electrons and becomes a – ion. The overall charge on the molecule then becomes zero. e) Atoms can bond covalently‚ whereby atoms share valence electrons‚ such that all atoms involved complete their valence rings (usually with a total of 2 or 8 electrons) f) Determining if atoms will bond ionically or covalently can often be done by
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an atom. Wavelength – the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave; is usually expressed in meters‚ centimeters‚ or nanometers. Atomic orbital – a three dimensional region around the nucleus of an atom that describes an electrons probable location. De Broglie equation – predicts that all moving particles have wave characteristics and relates each particles wavelength to its frequency‚ its mass‚ and planks constant. Energy sublevel – the energy levels contained within a
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This molecular orbital model can be used to explain why He2 molecules don’t exist. Combining a pair of helium atoms with 1s2 electron configurations would produce a molecule with a pair of electrons in both the bonding and the * antibonding molecular orbitals. The total energy of an He2 molecule would be essentially the same as the energy of a pair of isolated helium atoms‚ and there would be nothing to hold the helium atoms together to form a molecule. The fact that an He2 molecule is neither
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An electric charge is a fundamental quantity that is responsible for all electrical phenomena. An electric charge can have any value. A body has a negative electric charge whenever it has an excess of electrons. Electric charges can neither be created nor destroyed. 1 2. If the two electrons of a helium atom were removed‚ what would be its charge? a. b. c. d. 1.6 × 1019 C 3.2 × 10 C − 1.6 × 1019 C −19 − 3.2 × 10 −19 C 3. Three equally-charged bodies were hung and the interaction
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consists of a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of mobile delocalised valence electrons. • Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the delocalised electrons and the positive ions in the metallic lattice. Properties of metals: Property Explanation Relatively high density The particles are very close together. This is because of high electrostatic forces between the sea of valence electrons and the positively charged nucleus. Malleability and Ductility Because metallic
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for a molecule or ion‚ follow these steps: •Step 1: Count up the number of valence electrons for each atom‚ and total them up to give the total number of electrons for the molecule. If the molecule is an ion‚ include that charge in the count. For example‚ for a +1 ion‚ subtract one electron‚ and for a -2 ion add two electrons to the total count. (For more information about how to count the number of valence electrons per atom‚ see the related questions link to the left of this answer). •Step
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QUESTION If copper (II) sulfate when mixed with sodium carbonate at different quantities combine to form ions in definite ratios. HYPOTHESIS / PREDICTION I believe that the ions will combine in definite ratios due to the fact that the valance electrons will not be changing throughout any chemicals; consequently the ions must combine in definite ratios. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A technique is performed in which copper (II) sulfate and sodium carbonate are placed together in various test tubes‚ with
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with the specific orientation of bonding atoms. A careful analysis of electron distributions in orbitals will usually result in correct molecular geometry determinations. In addition‚ the simple writing of Lewis diagrams can also provide important clues for the determination of molecular geometry. Click on a picture to link to a page with the GIF file and a short discussion of the molecule. Steric Number (# bonded atoms + # electron pairs) 6 5 4 3 2 AX6 octahedral AX5 trigonal bipyramidal
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Modern theories For a long time‚ it was thought that the proton‚ neutron‚ and electron were the elementary particles‚ as well as the smallest. Since the Atomic Theory was formulated‚ many new particles have been discovered. The new theories concerning these particles and predicted particles attempts to explain every phenomena in physics. This is also called the Universal Theory of Matter. Dark Matter and Dark Energy Dark matter is an assumed kind of matter which unlike ordinary matter does
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