atoms being indivisible (that’s how we know about protons and neutrons and electrons and the other subatomic particles). And how atoms of the same element have identical properties: atoms of an element may have slightly different masses‚ e.g: ISOTOPES. You can see an atom using the scanning tunneling microscope. 4-2: Discovering subatomic particles and Nuclear particles (alpha‚ beta‚ gamma) Discovering the electron was a complete accident Cathode ray tube: used by Sir William Crookes. He
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stability‚ as in the case of noble gases‚ an atom strives to complete its outer shell. Either losing or gaining electrons may do this‚ which concludes in an ionic bond or the sharing of electrons with other atoms which makes a covalent bond. Ionic bonds‚ as you can probably surmise form from ions. Ions are made when an atom gains an electron to form a negative ion or loses an electron to form a positively charged ion. As an example of an ionic bond let’s used the elements Cl and Na. First‚ we must
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metals do not conduct electricity quite as good as copper. The electrons of different types of atoms have different degrees of freedom to move around. With some types of materials‚ such as metals‚ the outermost electrons in the atoms are so loosely bound that they chaotically move in the space between the atoms of that material by nothing more than the influence of room-temperature heat energy. Because these virtually unbound electrons are free to leave their respective atoms and float around in the
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between real and ideal gases‚ since gases in real life do in fact take up space and have intermolecular interaction. A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms. This attraction may be seen as the result of different behaviors of the outermost electrons of atoms. Although all of these behaviors merge into each other seamlessly in various bonding situations so that there is no clear line to be drawn between them‚ nevertheless behaviors of atoms become so qualitatively different as the character of
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atom. Electrons Hydrogen Helium Neutrons Protons As a class‚ identify the atoms represented here and label the sub-atomic particles. Carbon OxygenPhosphorous Calcium What elements are represented here? Use the Periodic Table on the wall to identify these atoms. What does the term “valence shell” mean? Label the valence shell on each of these. Ions Loss or gain of an electron makes an atom into an ion. + Gaining an electron makes a positive or negative ion? - Losing an electron makes
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are __________ paired and __________ unpaired electrons in the Lewis symbol for a phosphorus atom. A) 4‚ 2 B) 2‚ 4 C) 2‚ 3 D) 4‚ 3 E) 0‚ 3 2-There are __________ paired and __________ unpaired electrons in the Lewis symbol for a phosphorus atom. A) 4‚ 2 B) 2‚ 4 C) 2‚ 3 D) 4‚ 3 E) 0‚ 3 3- How many unpaired electrons are there in an ion? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) This cannot be predicted. 4-What is the electron configuration for the ion? A) B) C)
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with unfull valence orbitals react and exchange or share electrons; the result is either a covalent bond (shared electrons so that each has a full shell) or an ionic bond (the electron is completely removed from one atom and given to the other; the differently charged ions then attract and bond). 1. Covalent bonding Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 23‚ 1875 – March 23‚ 1946)[2] was an American physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his
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3.1 a) Valence electron: Valence electrons are the electron in the outermost electron shells of an atom. They are generally the electrons involved in chemical reactions and bonding with other atoms. b) Lewis electron: It is a structural demonstration of a molecule where you can use dots to show the position of the electron around the atoms and lines. c) Octet rule: It is referring to the principle that bonded atoms share their eight outer electrons. There rule of the octet is sometimes broken
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MANIPULATIONS: Cathode rays can be manipulated in a number of ways: 1) SPEED a. The speed the rays travel can be changed by changing the voltage between the anode and cathode. The voltage change changes the potential energy of the electrons. As it travels between the anode and the cathode‚ this energy is transformed into kinetic energy‚ therefore changing the speed of the particles. 2) NUMBER OF RAYS b. The number of cathode rays can be further manipulated by the introduction
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nucleus contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The electron cloud is composed of negatively charged electrons. Elements in the same row are similar in size. Elements in the same column have similar electronic and chemical properties. An s orbital has a sphere of electron density and is lower in energy than the other orbitals of the same shell. A p orbital has a dumbbell shape and contains a node of electron density at the nucleus. It is higher in energy than an s orbital.
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