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Ap Euro Themes

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Ap Euro Themes
AP Euro themes
1. Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
Protestant reformation, Schmalkaldic wars, 30 years war
Protestant reformation
• Martin Luther 95 theses cause a shift in religious society (spread throughout Europe because of Gutenberg’s printing press)
• He spread his different views on indulgences, Salvation by faith alone, only two valid sacraments (compared to the catholic 7), and the church as being subordinate to the state
• Made people question the existing authority of HRE and church
• Exposed churches weakness diminished role of church as unifying factor
• Divided HRE into protestant in north and Catholics in south
• Now was not unified
Schmalkaldic Wars
• Divided even further
• Schmalkaldic league of German princes began to fight for Lutheranism
• Although France was catholic they supported them because they wanted to weaken their enemy, the Hapsburgs
• Peace of Augsburg- ended the fighting, victory for protestants and the rights of states (given the choice of religionbetween Catholicism and Lutheranism) Cuius Regio, eius religio……………increase even more of division
30 Years war
• War was final attempt to unify and strengthen HRE
• Between HRE and Spain against Eng, Fran, and Neth
• Didn’t go well for HRE and Spain
• Both were weakened
• Eng, Fran, and Neth became leading European powers
• Peace of Westphalia- o Solidified change in balance of power o 300 small german states made no hope of unification for centuries o German princes made soverign rulers extremely limited HR emperor power

2. Women in the Renaissance
• During medival times penalty for rape was castration, during 15th century it was just a fine payable to the father or husband of the woman raped
• Banned from many guilds which prevented them from inheriting husbands business
• Very few were allowed into institution of higher learning
• Were not taken seriously as powerful minds
• Makes women like Laura Cereta, Isabella d’Este, and Cathering de Medici
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