Ap Human Geography Chapter 9 Quiz

Ap human chapter 8 political geo.
Key issue #1: where are states 1.State: A state is an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. 2.Sovereignty: A state has sovereignty, which means independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.
3. A. korea : The division of these zones became permanent in the late 1940s, when the two superpowers established separate governments and withdrew their armies.
B. China & Taiwan: According to China’s government, Taiwan is not sovereign, but a part of China. This confusing situation arose from a civil war in China during the late 1940s between the Nationalists and the
Communists.
C. Western Sahara: An independent Sahrawi Republic was declared by the Polisario Front and recognized by most African countries, but Morocco and Mauritania annexed the northern and southern portions, respectively. Three years later Mauritania withdrew, and Morocco claimed the entire territory.
4. A. colony: A colony is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.
B. Colonialism: European states came to control much of the world through colonialism. Imperialism: which is control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
5. A. European missionaries established colonies to promote Christianity B. Colonies provided resources that helped the economy of European states C. European states considered the number of colonies to be an indicator of relative power
6. 1960s
7. Island, a 47-square-kilometer (18-square-mile) possession of the United Kingdom. The island in the South Pacific was settled in 1790 by British mutineers from the ship Bounty, commanded by Captain William Bligh. Its 48 islanders survive by selling fish, as well as postage stamps to collectors.
KEY ISSUE #2 1. Boundary: A state is separated from its neighbors by a boundary, an invisible line marking the extent of a state’s territory 2. compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. The ideal theoretical compact state would be shaped like a circle, with the capital at the center and with the shortest possible boundaries to defend * handful of elongated states have a long and narrow shape. * compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state * A state that completely surrounds another one is a perforated state. The one good example of a perforated state is South Africa, which completely surrounds the state of Lesotho. * A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory * A landlocked state lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries (only one country in the case of Lesotho). 3.
The boundary between Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia runs through Lake Mwera. 4. boundary: something that indicates border or limit. Frontier: an international border, the edge of the settled area of the country. 5. DESERT BOUNDARIES. A boundary drawn in a desert can effectively divide two states. Like mountains, deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited.— * MOUNTAIN BOUNDARIES. Mountains can be effective boundaries if they are difficult to cross . Contact between nationalities living on opposite sides may be limited, or completely impossible if passes are closed by winter storms * WATER BOUNDARIES. Rivers, lakes, and oceans are the physical features most commonly used as boundaries. Water boundaries are readily visible on maps and aerial imagery 6. GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES. Part of the northern U.S. boundary with Canada is a 2,100-kilometer (1,300-mile)straight line (more precisely, an arc) along 49° north latitude, running from Lake of the Woods between Minnesota and Manitoba to the Strait of Georgia between Washington State and British Columbia. * RELIGIOUS BOUNDARIES. Boundaries between countries have been placed where possible to separate speakers of different languages or followers of different
religions * LANGUAGE BOUNDARIES. Language is an important cultural characteristic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe. England, France, Portugal, and Spain are examples of European states that coalesced around distinctive languages before the nineteenth century. 7. zone patrolled by the United Nations was delineated across the entire island. Traditionally, the Greek and Turkish Cypriots had mingled, but after the wall and buffer zone were established, the two nationalities became geographically isolated. The northern part of the island is now overwhelmingly Turkish, whereas the southern part is overwhelmingly Greek. 8. The unitary state places most power in the hands of central government officials * [define] A good example of a nation-state, France has a long tradition of unitary government * [strength] a very strong national government dominates local government decisions * [weakness] the median size of a commune is 380 inhabitants, too small to govern effectively 9. The federal state allocates strong power to units of local government within the country. * [define] Poland switched from a unitary to a federal system after control of the national government was wrested from the Communists * [strength] To compound the problem of adopting a federal system, Poland’s newly elected local government officials had to find thousands of qualified people * [weakness] ] Under the Communists’ unitary system, local governments held no legal authority 10. The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power is called gerrymandering. * [define] The term gerrymandering was named for Elbridge Gerry (1744–1814), governor of Massachusetts (1810–1812) and vice president of the United States (1813–1814). * “Wasted vote” spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority.
“Excess vote” concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts. “Stacked vote” links distant areas of likeminded voters through oddly shaped boundaries. Key issue #3 1. The United Nations is playing an important role in trying to separate warring groups in a number of regions 2. When established in 1945, the United Nations comprised 49 states, but membership grew to 192 in 2006, making it a truly global institution 3. NATO ; NATO and the Warsaw Pact were designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe. For NATO allies, the principal objective was to prevent the Soviet Union from overrunning West Germany and other smaller countries. * warsaw pact; The Warsaw Pact was a military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack. * OSCE ; the Organization on Security and Cooperation was composed primarily of Western European countries and played only a limited role. Although the OSCE does not directly command armed forces, it can call upon member states to supply troops if necessary * OAS; The OAS promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member
states. * OAU; . The AU replaced an earlier organization called the Organization of African Unity,founded in 1963 primarily to seek an end to colonialism and apartheid in Africa 4. The leading superpower is not a single state, such as the United States or Russia, but an economic union of European states.-- The most important elements of state power are increasingly economic rather than military. 5. Western Europe’s most important economic organization isthe European Union (formerly known as the European Economic Community, the Common Market, and the European Community). When it was established in 1958 6. The European Union has taken on more importance in recent years as member states seek greater economic and political cooperation.
Key issues #4 1. Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands. 2. June 25, 1996: A truck bomb blew up an apartment complex in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 19 U.S. soldiers who lived there and injuring more than 100 people.--- October 12, 2000: The USS Cole was bombed while in the port of Aden, Yemen, killing 17 U.S. service personnel 3. Al-Qaeda is not a single unified organization, and the number involved is unknown. Bin Laden is advised by a small leadership council, which has several committees that specialize in such areas as finance, military, media, and religious policy. 4. * Libya; U.S. relations with Libya had been poor since 1981 when U.S. aircraft shot down attacking Libyan warplanes * Afghanistan; U.S. accusations of state-sponsored terrorism escalated after 9/11. * Iraq * Iraq; U.S. claims of state-sponsored terrorism proved more controversial with regard to Iraq than to Afghanistan. The United States led an attack against Iraq in 2003 in order to depose Saddam Hussein, the country’s longtime president. U.S. officials’ justification for removing Hussein * Iran;Ran Hostility between the United States and Iran dates from 1979,when a revolution forced abdication of Iran’s pro-U.S. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.