Cell Division/DNA/Protein Synthesis
Eddie Lai
Clark 7
12/15/11
Cell Division/ DNA / Protein Synthesis Study guide
AA: Simple definition
AA: Simple explanation
AA: Detailed explanation/drawing
AA: Questions
1. What is transformation? * Movement of a gene from one organism to another
2. What did Griffith show? * Showed either protein or DNA causes transformation
3. What did Avery show? * Showed that DNA causes transformation or that DNA is hereditary material
4. What did Hershey & Chase show and how did they do it? * Showed DNA is the hereditary material
5. What is Chargaff's rule? * Purines = Pyrimidines => Adenine=Thymine, Cytosine=Guanine
6. What did Rosalind Franklin do? * X-ray diffraction experiments * Revealed …show more content…
that DNA had the shape of a helix
7. What did Watson and Crick do? * Built DNA model out of tinker toys
8. What is DNA and what is its structure? * A double-stranded(double helix) nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function.
9. What makes up the sides of the DNA 'ladder', and how are they bonded? * Sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate… bonded by covalent bonds
10. What makes up the rungs of the DNA 'ladder' and how are they bonded? * A, T, C, and G bonded by hydrogen bonds
11. Why does A bond with T and G bond with C? * Chargaff’s rule: Purines = Pyrimidines
12. How are DNA and RNA similar and different? * Similar: both carry genetic information/ consist of a sugar, nucleotide and a phosphate/ * DNA: DNA has deoxy ribose/ DNA is ONLY found in the nucleus/ double stranded/ much longer * RNA: RNA has ribose/ RNA can be found both within and outside the nucleus/ single stranded/ has uracil instead of thymine
13. What does antiparallel mean? * Opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5' end of one strand aligns with the 3' end of the other strand
14. Does each strand carry the same gene? (Explain) * No it does not, instead it carries the complimentary gene to the one on the strand
15. What is DNA replication and where does it occur? * DNA replication is the process where the DNA strand is split in two and a new strand is formed onto to the old ones, making new DNA. Occurs in nucleus.
16. What is Semiconservative Replication? * DNA replication that produces two copies, one of the original strand and one of the new strand
17. What did Meselson-Stahl show? * Out of conservative, dispersive, and Semiconservative replication, they find out Semiconservative was correct
18. What are leading and lagging strands and why do they occur? * Leading Strand: The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously * Lagging Strand: The DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously from 5’ to 3’
19. What is Helicase? * Unwinds the DNA to open the helix at the replication fork
20. What is DNA Polymerase? * Adds complimentary nucleotides (A, T, C, G) along the leading/lagging strands
21. What are Okazaki fragments and what is Ligase? * Okazaki fragments: pieces of DNA made on the lagging strand * Ligase: connects the Okazaki fragments
22. What are SSBPs? * Single strand binding protein: holds the unzipped DNA open
23. What is Primase? * Creates primers which provide a starting point for DNA polymerase
Accuracy & Repair
24. Proofreading, how are DNA 'errors' repaired? * To start, the G2 checkpoint makes sure that cell is functioning properly to let it go through * Another way is through DNA polymerase. This checks if the nucleotides that it matched have been matched correctly
25. What is a mutation? * Permanent/inheritable change in nucleotide sequence in gene/chromosome
26. What do mutations in Germ-Line Tissues do? * They are hereditary mutations that continuously pass on through the generations
27. What do mutations in Somatic Tissues do? * Non-hereditary mutations that pass on through all newly divided cells
Altering DNA sequence
28. What are point mutations? * Mutations in DNA/RNA molecules involving a change of only one nucleotide base
29. What are base substitutions? * Replacement of a single nucleotide base with another DNA/RNA molecule
30. What are insertions and deletions? * Insertion: addition of an extra nucleotide * Deletion: the removal of a nucleotide
31. What are frame- shift mutations? * Addition/deletion of nucleotide(s) which leads to alteration in amino acid sequence
Changes in gene position
32. What is transposition/translocation? * Transposition: movement of a piece of DNA around the chromosome (can happen in both eukaryotes/prokaryotes) * Translocation: large portion of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome/ shifting the contents of the A and P sites of the ribosome to the P and E sites
RNA and Protein Synthesis
33.
What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids? * Monomers: Nucleotides(nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate) * Polymers: DNA and RNA
34. What are the three types of RNA and what does each do? * mRNA: carries the DNA code into the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs * tRNA: reads the code and carries the amino acid to be incorporated into the developing protein * rRNA: combines with protein to form ribosome where protein synthesis occurs
35. What is RNA polymerase and what does it do? * The enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA
36. What is transcription and where does it occur? * Transcription: DNA information is transcribed into mRNA giving it its codon structure. Occurs in Nucleus.
37. What is translation and where does it occur? * Translation: the mRNA connects into ribosome. In the A and P sites, tRNA with their amino acids and their respective anticodons come in and build a protein. Occurs in cytoplasm
38. What are codons and …show more content…
anticodons? * Codon: triplet of three nucleotides on the mRNA * Anticodon: respective attachments to the codon on the tRNA
39. Write examples of complementary strands of DNA and the mRNA that goes with each strand. [BOLD: Intron. REGULAR: Exon.]
Original: T T C G T A C A T C T G G C C A T A C C C G A A C G T C T A C G A C T A G
DNA: A A G C A T G T A G A C C G C T A T G G G C T T G C A G A T G C T G A T C mRNA: U U C G U A C G A U A C C C G U A C G A C T A G
40. Write an amino acid sequence then work backwards to write out the sequence of mRNA that codes for it, then finally write out the DNA that lead to the mRNA.
Amino Acid Sequence: Leu. Met. Thre. Ala. Tyro. Lys. Cyst. STOP. mRNA: CUA. AUG. ACC. GCG. UAU. AAG. UGU. UGA
DNA: GAT. TAC. TGG. CGC. ATA. TTC. ACA. ACT.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
41. Compare and contrast cell division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes * Eukaryotes: go through the complex process of mitosis * Prokaryotes: go through the simple process binary fission
42. Draw the cell cycle and explain what occurs at each stage.
Fig. 7.10
G1 phase: cell grows – protein synthesis G2 phase: cell gets ready to divide S phase: DNA replication M: Mitosis C: Cytokinesis M -> I: Cell Division (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase)
G1 –> G2: Interphase
43.
Is Interphase part of mitosis? Explain your answer. * Interphase is NOT a part of mitosis because it’s basically just a preparation for mitosis and not actually mitosis. Mitosis is when the diploids are dividing and in interphase this doesn’t happen.
44. Draw Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase/Cytokinesis and explain what happens during each stage [BACK OF PAPER]
45. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis * Mitosis: cell divides only once and the result is exactly the same as the previous. It produces identical diploids * Meiosis: cell divides twice and it produces non-identical haploids. Synapses (pairing of homologous chromosomes) and Crossing over happen here
47. What is crossing over, why is it important, and when does it occur? * Crossing Over: two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material * Importance: it creates vast numbers of possible combinations of alleles in the gametes * When: Meiosis prophase - 1
48. What are homologous chromosomes, when do they pair (synapse) and when are they separated? * A chromosome with the same gene sequence as another and pair up. They pair up in prophase-1 of meiosis. They separate in anaphase-1 of
meiosis
49. What are gametes and somatic cells, how are they produced, what is their function and how many copies do they contain of each chromosome? (Haploid vs. Diploid) * Gametes: A reproductive cell or sex cell that contains the haploid set of chromosomes. Produced through meiosis. Provides for half genetic information of a person: one chromosome of each type – female (x), male (x/y). One copy of each chromosome * Somatic: all body cells of an organism (other than sperm/egg). Produced through mitosis. Provides for everything that a body needs and does. Two copies of each chromosome.
50. What is cancer? * Rapid, uncontrollably growth of cells
51. What are zygotes? * Fertilized egg cell
Clark 7
12/15/11
Cell Division/ DNA / Protein Synthesis Study guide
AA: Simple definition
AA: Simple explanation
AA: Detailed explanation/drawing
AA: Questions
1. What is transformation? * Movement of a gene from one organism to another
2. What did Griffith show? * Showed either protein or DNA causes transformation
3. What did Avery show? * Showed that DNA causes transformation or that DNA is hereditary material
4. What did Hershey & Chase show and how did they do it? * Showed DNA is the hereditary material
5. What is Chargaff's rule? * Purines = Pyrimidines => Adenine=Thymine, Cytosine=Guanine
6. What did Rosalind Franklin do? * X-ray diffraction experiments * Revealed …show more content…
that DNA had the shape of a helix
7. What did Watson and Crick do? * Built DNA model out of tinker toys
8. What is DNA and what is its structure? * A double-stranded(double helix) nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function.
9. What makes up the sides of the DNA 'ladder', and how are they bonded? * Sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate… bonded by covalent bonds
10. What makes up the rungs of the DNA 'ladder' and how are they bonded? * A, T, C, and G bonded by hydrogen bonds
11. Why does A bond with T and G bond with C? * Chargaff’s rule: Purines = Pyrimidines
12. How are DNA and RNA similar and different? * Similar: both carry genetic information/ consist of a sugar, nucleotide and a phosphate/ * DNA: DNA has deoxy ribose/ DNA is ONLY found in the nucleus/ double stranded/ much longer * RNA: RNA has ribose/ RNA can be found both within and outside the nucleus/ single stranded/ has uracil instead of thymine
13. What does antiparallel mean? * Opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5' end of one strand aligns with the 3' end of the other strand
14. Does each strand carry the same gene? (Explain) * No it does not, instead it carries the complimentary gene to the one on the strand
15. What is DNA replication and where does it occur? * DNA replication is the process where the DNA strand is split in two and a new strand is formed onto to the old ones, making new DNA. Occurs in nucleus.
16. What is Semiconservative Replication? * DNA replication that produces two copies, one of the original strand and one of the new strand
17. What did Meselson-Stahl show? * Out of conservative, dispersive, and Semiconservative replication, they find out Semiconservative was correct
18. What are leading and lagging strands and why do they occur? * Leading Strand: The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously * Lagging Strand: The DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously from 5’ to 3’
19. What is Helicase? * Unwinds the DNA to open the helix at the replication fork
20. What is DNA Polymerase? * Adds complimentary nucleotides (A, T, C, G) along the leading/lagging strands
21. What are Okazaki fragments and what is Ligase? * Okazaki fragments: pieces of DNA made on the lagging strand * Ligase: connects the Okazaki fragments
22. What are SSBPs? * Single strand binding protein: holds the unzipped DNA open
23. What is Primase? * Creates primers which provide a starting point for DNA polymerase
Accuracy & Repair
24. Proofreading, how are DNA 'errors' repaired? * To start, the G2 checkpoint makes sure that cell is functioning properly to let it go through * Another way is through DNA polymerase. This checks if the nucleotides that it matched have been matched correctly
25. What is a mutation? * Permanent/inheritable change in nucleotide sequence in gene/chromosome
26. What do mutations in Germ-Line Tissues do? * They are hereditary mutations that continuously pass on through the generations
27. What do mutations in Somatic Tissues do? * Non-hereditary mutations that pass on through all newly divided cells
Altering DNA sequence
28. What are point mutations? * Mutations in DNA/RNA molecules involving a change of only one nucleotide base
29. What are base substitutions? * Replacement of a single nucleotide base with another DNA/RNA molecule
30. What are insertions and deletions? * Insertion: addition of an extra nucleotide * Deletion: the removal of a nucleotide
31. What are frame- shift mutations? * Addition/deletion of nucleotide(s) which leads to alteration in amino acid sequence
Changes in gene position
32. What is transposition/translocation? * Transposition: movement of a piece of DNA around the chromosome (can happen in both eukaryotes/prokaryotes) * Translocation: large portion of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome/ shifting the contents of the A and P sites of the ribosome to the P and E sites
RNA and Protein Synthesis
33.
What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids? * Monomers: Nucleotides(nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate) * Polymers: DNA and RNA
34. What are the three types of RNA and what does each do? * mRNA: carries the DNA code into the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs * tRNA: reads the code and carries the amino acid to be incorporated into the developing protein * rRNA: combines with protein to form ribosome where protein synthesis occurs
35. What is RNA polymerase and what does it do? * The enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA
36. What is transcription and where does it occur? * Transcription: DNA information is transcribed into mRNA giving it its codon structure. Occurs in Nucleus.
37. What is translation and where does it occur? * Translation: the mRNA connects into ribosome. In the A and P sites, tRNA with their amino acids and their respective anticodons come in and build a protein. Occurs in cytoplasm
38. What are codons and …show more content…
anticodons? * Codon: triplet of three nucleotides on the mRNA * Anticodon: respective attachments to the codon on the tRNA
39. Write examples of complementary strands of DNA and the mRNA that goes with each strand. [BOLD: Intron. REGULAR: Exon.]
Original: T T C G T A C A T C T G G C C A T A C C C G A A C G T C T A C G A C T A G
DNA: A A G C A T G T A G A C C G C T A T G G G C T T G C A G A T G C T G A T C mRNA: U U C G U A C G A U A C C C G U A C G A C T A G
40. Write an amino acid sequence then work backwards to write out the sequence of mRNA that codes for it, then finally write out the DNA that lead to the mRNA.
Amino Acid Sequence: Leu. Met. Thre. Ala. Tyro. Lys. Cyst. STOP. mRNA: CUA. AUG. ACC. GCG. UAU. AAG. UGU. UGA
DNA: GAT. TAC. TGG. CGC. ATA. TTC. ACA. ACT.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
41. Compare and contrast cell division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes * Eukaryotes: go through the complex process of mitosis * Prokaryotes: go through the simple process binary fission
42. Draw the cell cycle and explain what occurs at each stage.
Fig. 7.10
G1 phase: cell grows – protein synthesis G2 phase: cell gets ready to divide S phase: DNA replication M: Mitosis C: Cytokinesis M -> I: Cell Division (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase)
G1 –> G2: Interphase
43.
Is Interphase part of mitosis? Explain your answer. * Interphase is NOT a part of mitosis because it’s basically just a preparation for mitosis and not actually mitosis. Mitosis is when the diploids are dividing and in interphase this doesn’t happen.
44. Draw Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase/Cytokinesis and explain what happens during each stage [BACK OF PAPER]
45. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis * Mitosis: cell divides only once and the result is exactly the same as the previous. It produces identical diploids * Meiosis: cell divides twice and it produces non-identical haploids. Synapses (pairing of homologous chromosomes) and Crossing over happen here
47. What is crossing over, why is it important, and when does it occur? * Crossing Over: two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material * Importance: it creates vast numbers of possible combinations of alleles in the gametes * When: Meiosis prophase - 1
48. What are homologous chromosomes, when do they pair (synapse) and when are they separated? * A chromosome with the same gene sequence as another and pair up. They pair up in prophase-1 of meiosis. They separate in anaphase-1 of
meiosis
49. What are gametes and somatic cells, how are they produced, what is their function and how many copies do they contain of each chromosome? (Haploid vs. Diploid) * Gametes: A reproductive cell or sex cell that contains the haploid set of chromosomes. Produced through meiosis. Provides for half genetic information of a person: one chromosome of each type – female (x), male (x/y). One copy of each chromosome * Somatic: all body cells of an organism (other than sperm/egg). Produced through mitosis. Provides for everything that a body needs and does. Two copies of each chromosome.
50. What is cancer? * Rapid, uncontrollably growth of cells
51. What are zygotes? * Fertilized egg cell