However, whereas Freud was an id psychologist who articulated the stages of psychosexual development and attributed behavior to “libido”, Erikson was an ego psychologist who talked about the stages of psychosocial development. Specifically Erikson claimed that a human has to go through eight stages during his/her life in order to complete his development. Each stage poses a number of challenges that have to be confronted successfully. These challenges are a conflict between his or her biological forces and sociocultural forces.…
Psychiatrist Aaron Beck developed cognitive Behavior Therapy in the 1960’s. Beck observed that during his analytical sessions, his patients tended to have an internal dialogue, almost as if they were talking to themselves. But they would not share the whole conversation with him. Beck soon realized that there was a link between thoughts…
Freud places emphasis on the power of the individual versus the power of civilization as a whole in his book Civilization and Its Discontents, an emphasis that is clearly replicated in both 1984 and Panopticon. Freud states, “Human life in common is only made possible when a majority comes together which is stronger than any separate individual and which remains united against all separate individuals” (46). This particular sentiment is echoed in the theory of the panopticon as tool to suppress the imprisoned individual, illustrated through the guard tower placed in the center of the prison that does not allow for inmates to decipher whether there is anyone inside watching them; an illusion that is intended to demonstrate the power of the panopticon…
S. Freud’s The Future Illusion and P. Tillich’s Religion as a Dimension in Man’s Spiritual Life carry on about an important question of what religion really is, what is its meaning in a cultural, psychological and scientific aspect and how it relates to a society and an individual. In this paper I will try to prove through an analysis and comparison of both texts that although their approach to the subject is different they both regard religion as an important aspect of human life. Freud in Illusion touches on things that to some may be an unquestionable truths; a meaning of life, a reason to be a good citizen - a good human being. Freud strips religion of its “holiness” but not of its power over a culture and a human life. He argues that religion in its essence is nothing more than an illusion - a wishful thinking based on a subconscious hope for a reward (the afterlife). According to Freud, religion is an aspect of culture - civilization, defending us against nature and each other. Civilization is a necessity that was socially constructed in order to explain and control the unknown and scary forces of the world but more importantly to cage our primal desires of: incest, murder, cannibalism which lay deeply in our unconscious. Therefore, to save humanity civilization created laws. At first the forces of nature were given human characteristics to make the assimilation easier and simpler to comprehend. The so called totemism was clear and understandable serving a purpose of control and protection from the environment and ourselves. But who would obey the laws if there was no fear of punishment for doing wrong and a reward for doing good. That is when religion came in handy.…
To Freud, the mind was a mechanistic energy system that derived mental energy from the physical functioning of the body and constantly attempted to moderate this physical effort or tension by restoring it to a quiet steady (quiescent) state. This energy is not evenly distributed to all human purpose or functioning, and if blocked from expression will manifest itself as anxiety, which through cathartic release, prescribes a least resistant path of action. Because anxiety is painful, the mind attempts to cope with this state through a range of defence mechanisms that alter reality and supress feelings that stimulate this state. The mind and its energies (derived from drives or…
Sigmund Freud is one of the most famous name in psychology.Many expressions of our daily life come from Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis: unconscious, denial and control. Freud believes that there are three level of consciousness: unconscious which exists outside of your awareness, next is pre conscious one which includes all information that you are not currently aware of it, finally the conscious one which is your current state of awareness. He believed that events in our childhood can have a remarkable influence on our behaviour as adult. He believed that, our behaviour is affected by our childhood experiences. It means that psychodynamic is about two major aspects: subconscious and our past. It can be seen that past…
Freud’s developmental stages are most controversial because of his theory. He believed that we develop through stages based upon “a particular erogenous stage.” (Heffner 2011) His theory was that during each stage, the child will become fixated on a particular erogenous zone which can either mean them over-indulging when they become an adult.…
When the human brain decides to repress a memory, it pushes it down so deep into the core of our hippocampus in order to protect us from ever recalling it. This unconscious process acts as a defense mechanism that helps us avoid any mental or emotional stress or scarring from any painful, horrific, traumatic experiences that we have been through in our past. Sigmund Freud was a neurologist who is famously known for his many studies and theories on psychoanalysis of the human brain and its nature in the 20th century. He was born in Freiberg, Austria on the 6th of May 1856, though at the age of 4 years, he moved with his family to Vienna where he settled and began his education. In 1983 after graduating from the University of Vienna with a medical…
In today's society, education is more liberal, allowing people to think for themselves and providing them with a broader education. This differs from many years ago, when education was more conservative. Education was very basic, consisting of only academic classes and no electives. People with a more conservative education would never go against what they were taught. However, liberally educated people of today can go against what they are taught, research it themselves, and make new conclusions about their studies. A liberal education enables people to deal with the forces that control their life. It frees them from the restraints in everyday life. Having such a broad education allows people to deal with such forces. Four psychologists have written essays and constructed theories that can agree that liberal education is of a greater stature than conservatively educated. The essays are "The Theory of Multiple Intelligences," written by Howard Gardner, "The Personal and Collective Unconscious," written by Carl Jung, "The Allegory of the Cave," written by Plato, and "From the Interpretation of Dreams," written by Sigmund Freud.…
Among Freud, Jung, and Adler, Freud is indisputably the most towering monolith. It was Freud's pioneering use of the term "the I" "das Ich" in his native German, which was then translated into the Latin "ego" that brought "ego" into common parlance and popular interest to the process of self-consciousness. Adler's school of psychology, which he called "Individual Psychology," was based on the idea of the indivisibility of the personality. His most significant divergence from Freud's premises was his belief that it was crucial to view the human being as a whole not as a conglomeration of mechanisms, drives or dynamic parts. And in contrast to most psychological thinking of the time, Adler believed that, fundamentally, human beings are self-determined.…
The breadth and diversity of psychology can be seen by looking as some of its best known thinkers. While each theorist may have been part of an overriding school of thought, each brought a unique and individual voice and perspective to the field of psychology. A study that appeared in the July 2002 issue of the “Review of General Psychology” created a ranking of the 99 most influential psychologists. The rankings were mostly based on three factors: the frequency of journal citations, introductory textbook citations, and the survey responses of 1,725 members of the American Psychological Association. (About.com, 2015)…
In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies the author depicts that humans are inherently evil. In the novel, a group of adolescent boys are deserted on an island, they try to survive and maintain civilization through rules and leaders. Golding employs Freud’s Theory of id, superego, and ego in the novel. He illustrates how humans are genetically linked with evil. Jack represents the id, his focus is to ensure survival of the which he lives. Ralph is expressed as the ego. He uses reasoning to make choices, without thought of whether something is right or wrong. Piggy is limn as the superego. Piggy takes…
This quote by Sigmund Freud explains how the decisions of the ego are not made on its own. The ego has the super-ego and the id telling it what to do, and the ego has to balance out what they both want. The ego may make the final decision but the super-ego and id are the ones putting in their opinions. In the book “The Lord of the Flies” certain characters help to represent part of Sigmund Freud’s theory of the id, ego, and super-ego. Jack represents the id because he has the mind of a child and he does whatever he pleases. Piggy is the one who symbolizes the super-ego because he always follows the rules, and he thinks before he acts. Finally, Ralph represents the ego because he is a balance of both the id and the super-ego.…
The purpose of this paper is to use two theories from two disciplines to create a new…
This essay will discuss and compare Beck’s cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and the use of drug therapy as treatments for depression. They differ heavily in their ideologies with regards to what depression is caused by. Beck’s therapy is a cognitive and therefore focuses on thought processes. The idea being, that people with depression can change their thought negative processes to positive ones in order to ‘cure’ themselves. Whereas drug treatments focus on the biological causes for depression such as chemical imbalances and tries to revert these via the administration of drugs.…