Silas Mosco
Outline:
I. Rise of Moscow and Russia to 1689 A. Mongol Yoke and Rise 1. Mongol army conquered China and Russia under Genghis Khan, reaching all the way to Hungary before turning back. 2. Golden Horde used terror to force conquered peoples into submission. 3. Ruled the eastern slavs for 200 years a. Built capital Saray on lower volga b. Forced princes to pay tribute and give slaves. c. Khan was acknowledged as supreme ruler. 4. Princes became adept at serving the mongols through tax collection and servants, beginning with Alexander Nevsky. d. Princes put down popular uprisings e. Moscow princes were rewarded with …show more content…
being hereditarily great. 5. Ivan III destroys his rivals in Novgorod, and consolidated Muscovite power. f. Ivan II felt strong enough in 1480 to cease acknowledging the Khan as supreme ruler. 6. Muscovite prince Legitimacy g. Declared themselves autocrats, making them the sole source of power, taking over infrastructure. h. Claimed political and religious inheritance from Byzantine empire 1. Saw themselves as the true heirs to Caesars and Orthodox christianity after fall of constantinople. 2. Called themselves 3rd rome 3. Ivan III married daughter of last byzantine emperor, strengthened this claim. 7. Moscow inherited a tradition of ruling in cooperation with local elites, strengthened tsar's power claims. 8. Borders of Russia corresponded with borders of church, strengthened relationship with state and crown 9. Tsars ensured loyalty of elite by electing nobles loyal to him. i. Service nobility held office on the condition that they served in the army. B. Tsar and People to 1689 10. Developments turned chaotic with Ivan Iv (the terrible) 11. Ascended to throne at age three j. Mother died at eight, possibly poisoned. k. Suffered insult and neglect from the boyars until he crowned himself at age 16 12. Married anastasia and declared war on remnants of mongol power. l. Defeated Kazan and Astrakhan and added vast new territory to his realm. 13. Turned westward in 1557 and waged war upon Poland. Quarreled with boyars and after Anastasia's possible poisoning, a reign of terror ensued. 14. Jailed all who were suspected of treason m. Created Oprichnik to police and oppress alleged enemies. n. Many victims were intimates of court from leading boyar families. o.
Gave half of purged land to lower service nobility, kept other half for himself. 15. Endless wars and purges depopulated much of central russia. p. Cossacks were formed to fight against the service nobility after peasants fled to the east and south. q. Peasant flight was stopped by tying serfs to land and landholders firmly. r. Urban traders were also bound to their towns and jobs so that the tsar could tax them. 16. Ivan assumed he owned Russia's trade and industry; no security for urban workers existed 17. Death of IIV caused a long struggle for power after his death. s. Theodore (son) died without an heir, initiating the "time of troubles" t. Relatives plotted against and murdered each other and welcomed in the invading sweeds and poles u. Cossacks under Ivan Bolotnikov marched north slaughtering officials and calling for the "true tsar" who would restore justice. 18. Social unrest encouraged nobles to put down quarrels and crushed the cossacks at the gates of moscow. They elected Micheal Romonov as the hereditary tsar. v. Restored autocracy for
tsars. 19. Uprisings still continued, Nikon determined to force russian practices into the greek orthodox model. w. Church went along, commoners saw nikon as the antichrist. x. Many left the church and formed communities of "old believers", hunted down and persecuted. y. After the great schism, the russian masses were alienated from the established church, dependant on the state for authority. 20. Cossacks revolted again under Stenka Razin, killing nobles and attracting followers. Defeated. 21. Russian statebuilding progress was difficult because of huge territory, thinly spread population and economic devastation z. Romonov made several important achievements, gaining a large mass of ukraine and conquesting siberia. {. Territorial expansion was accompanied by growth of bureaucracy and army. 22. Russians turned to foreigners to run army. Profits from resources funded Romanov’s bid for power. II. Peter the Great and St. Petersburg C. Reforms of Peter the Great 23. Determined to build powerful army, westernize the country, and expand territory. 24. Fascinated by foreign weapons and technology, led grand embassy on trip of europe to explore ways of western society. |. Impressed with dutch and english and saw how russia could profit from example. 25. Upon returning, entered into secret alliance with Denmark and Poland against sweeden. }. Sweeden had created a strong absolutionist state and contained substantial, but scattered territory under an inexperienced king. ~. Charles XII of sweeden defeated denmark and turned on russia. 26. The great northern war began when sweedesh routed the russians at Narva. . Peter responded with tactical approaches to increase state power and gain victory. 4. Required nobles to serve in civil administration for life. 5. Created schools and universities for soldiers 6. Required a five year education away from home for each nobleman. 7. Established a 14 tier bueracracy for all men with everyone starting from the bottom. 8. Employed foreigners in his service. 9. Increased standing army and service requirements. 27. Warfare drained 80to85 percent of natural resources, only brought modest expansion. 28. Crushed Sweeden's smaller army at poltava, sweeden never regained the offensive. Estonia and latvia came under russian rule; reforms were a success. D. Consequences of reforms 29. Westenization and loss of identity �. beard tax �. Parties for courting �. Warrior elites were to accept administrative service as honorable. 30. Many russians hated reforms. �. Ugeniture �. Gap between peasantry and nobility increased.