The Neuromuscular junction uses synapses to connect the muscular system with the muscular system. A nerve impulse is sent from the brain down to the motor neuron by way of the axon. Acetylcholine is released after the vesicles break open. Sodium channels are opened from Acetylcholine that bonds to the Acetylcholine receptors. Depolarization happens when Acetylcholine causes an area of the muscle fiber to become a little more positive when it leaves the nerve and docks on receptors in the muscle membrane. Large amounts of Na+ ions enter the muscle fiber because channels open after depolarization, and an action potential then spreads throughout the muscle fiber. The thick and thin filaments of the muscle fiber can then contract…
Smooth muscle contraction occurs when calcium is present in the smooth muscle cell and binds onto calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinase (Wilson et al., 2002). Phosphorylation of myosin light chains result in myosin ATPase activity thus cross-bridge cycling occurs causing the muscle to contract (Horowitz et al., 1996). There are two known models of excitation and contraction in smooth muscle, electromechanical coupling (EMC) and pharmomechanical coupling (PMC) (Droogmans et al., 1997). EMC involves a change in membrane potential as a result of nerve stimulation (Sanders, 2008). Depolarisation causes voltage gated calcium channels to open and contraction occurs. High potassium (K+) concentration causes potassium leak channels to shut down thus no positive charge leaves the cell and the membrane becomes depolarised (Morgan et al., 1981). It is possible to determine if a tissue uses EMC, by depolarising the tissue and seeing if it contracts. Depolarisation of smooth muscle cells through the EMC can be achieved when a K+-depolarisation solution is used as a stimulus, causing calcium release and contraction. On the other hand, PMC does not require a change in membrane potential (Edman, 1962). Rather, drugs mediate smooth muscle contraction, for example acetylcholine (Ach) that bind onto receptors and cause the calcium into the smooth muscle cell causing it to contract (Devine et al., 1972, Sanders, 2008).…
B) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.…
7. In excitation-contraction coupling, a. calcium ions must bind with myosin to expose active sites on actin. b. myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin. c. cross-bridges form between myosin heads and calcium ions. d. movement of the troponin-tropomyosin complex causes actin myofilaments to slide.…
_disconnecting the myosin head from the binding site on actin at the conclusion of a power stroke_________________…
5.7.2 - Explain the contraction of skeletal muscle in terms of the sliding filament theory (including the role of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, Ca2+, ATP).…
Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. Nerve impulses that originate in the central nervous system cause muscles to contract. Both neurons and muscle tissue conduct electrical current by moving ions across cellular membranes. A motor neuron ends in a synapse with a muscle fiber. The neuron releases acetylcholine and transfers the action potential to the muscle tissue. The signal will travel through the tissue and trigger the contraction of individual sarcomeres. One synapse generally controls an entire muscle fiber. One motor neuron usually controls several adjacent muscle fibers. A group of fibers under the control of a single motor neuron is known as a motor unit.…
The latent period is the first stage of a muscle twitching. It is the time that elapses between the stimulus and its response.…
Human skeletal muscle consists of hundreds of individual cylindrically shaped cells (called fibers or myofibers) bound together by connective tissue. In the body, these muscles are stimulated to contract by somatic motor nerves that carry signals in the form of nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord…
When muscles contract in any organism, it means muscle fibers are generating tension with the help of motor neurons. ATP is the source of energy that allows this to take place. Voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the central nervous system. The brain sends signals, through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter. Involuntary muscles such as the heart or smooth muscles in the gut and vascular system contract as a result of non-conscious brain activity or stimuli proceeding in the body to the muscle itself. The organism will respire more as much more energy will be needed, in the form of ATP.…
Muscle contractions happen when muscle fibers are stimulated, which can cause one of many types of contractions. Isometric contractions, which means that tension happens in the muscle but there is no change in muscle length, therefore there is no movement of the muscle itself. An example of Isometric contractions would be strength training, such as holding a weight still, which happens in the biceps brachii. The biceps brachii the gets more tension, but the muscle length stays the same. As for isotonic contractions, which means that tension is in the muscle while there is a change of length, can be split into two types: Concentric contraction, in which the tension causes the muscle to shorten, and eccentric, in which the tension causes the muscle to elongate.…
Please provide an example of Homeostasis and Negative Feedback in our environment. Be sure not to duplicate a classmates' answer.…
• A stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment of an organism that produces a response.…
This lab consisted of discovering what solutions will cause a muscle to contract. A muscle contraction is when the muscle shortens. A contraction, occurs when the brain delivers a message to a motor neuron (Cooper 18). The motor neuron, Ach attaches to a cell causing a release of Calcium (18). The Calcium ion is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle (18). The calcium ion attaches the voltage gate Calcium channels in the transverse tubules (extensions of the muscle cell membrane) then diffusion…
Again, it explains that the human muscles move in command from the brain. Single nerve cells in the spinal column called motor neurons form a long very thin extension of the single cell, called an axon. When an impulse travels down the axon to the muscle, a chemical is released at its ending. Muscles are made of long fibres connected to each other lengthways by a ratchet mechanism, that allows the two parts of an extension ladder to slide past each other,overlapping each other more, so that the muscles get shorter and fatter. When the impulses from the nerves stop, the muscle fibres slide back to their original position.…