Family Centered Health Promotion
Review of Literature
Ann Linehan
Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion
2/16/2014
Health promotion is developing a guidance system to optimize the health and wellness of an individual, community, or nation. It takes into account and aims to balance the physical, spiritual, social, emotional, and intellectual aspects of the recipient, and assists them in achieving their goals.
“Health Promotion is the art and science of helping people discover the synergies between their core passions and optimal health, enhancing their motivation to strive for optimal health, and supporting them in changing their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health” (O 'Donnell, 2009). Purpose of Health Promotion …show more content…
Nursing is the largest health care profession and health promotion is its core essence. Nurses are dedicated to caring for the sick, to educating and increasing awareness about good health habits, and advocating for changes to improve the well-being of all. Nursing professionals are on the front line and are in the best position to be proactive and advance health care by performing the research and creating plans and strategies to effect positive health changes. The nursing field is well equipped to provide information on areas of disease prevention and behavioral modification for healthy lifestyle improvement (Kemppainen, 2012).
Evolution of Nursing Roles
The role of nursing has changed drastically. From the original role of providing individual bedside care at home or in hospitals, groundbreakers took to the battlefields literally and figuratively to develop standards and strategies for maintaining healthy environments. While maintaining the practice of individualized care, they have also expanded their roles. They have become certified in specialties, earned nurse practitioner, master’s and doctoral degrees, and have become political and legal advocates and leaders in health care promotion. Rather than the “take your medicine” approach, they educate to patients about why certain medicines are better than others and how lifestyle adjustments can improve that patient’s health. From being seen as just implementing doctors’ orders, nurses now educate and advocate about topics from organ transplantation to childhood obesity.
Their role has expanded across the globe and nurses’ efforts have decreased mortality and AIDS infection rates in developing countries. “The nursing field is taking significant leadership roles in health policy, planning, and provision” (Wilson, 2012).
Implementation
Over the years, many hospitals and health organizations developed individual plans for how best to implement health promotion.
The World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO/Europe) saw the need to develop an overall strategy that could be used by any organization, regardless of size or location. It is an excellent resource for nurses, managers and all health professionals and encompasses all areas of health promotion. From initial assessment of present promotion to discovering better ways to promote lifestyle changes to creating multidisciplinary teams to develop and deliver new strategies, the ultimate goal is the improvement of the health of the client.
Figure 2 shows how by evolving action from screening and risk assessment through health education to communication and marketing and then to regulation, the different strategies expand the focus from the individual to the entire population. By implementing this approach, nurses and other health care professionals can achieve the ultimate goal of health promotion (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2006).
This approach implements all areas of nursing, from primary care, to education, to public health, to leadership, policy and …show more content…
planning.
Comparing the Levels
The WHO/Europe graphic shows the implementation of strategies from the individual to the population as a whole. The ultimate goal of health care prevention is to prevent occurrence or recurrence. Leavell and Clark in their 1965 book, “Preventive medicine for the doctor in his community,” defined three levels of health promotion prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary level includes health promotion and protection. The secondary level deals with diagnosis and treatment. The third level is about restoration and rehabilitation (Edelman, 2014, p. 11).
The levels of health promotion prevention start with the future (primary), then the present (secondary), and lastly the past (tertiary). Primary prevention is forward thinking and focuses on implementing changes before life events occur. It promotes the best health scenario from the bottom up and challenges the status quo to develop improved options. Blind studies are one of the hallmarks of this level. For example, diabetic patients have a higher risk of stroke and heart attack and a greater risk of death post-cardiac events. In the study “Primary Prevention of Major Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Event with Statins in Diabetic Patients,” researchers found that statins were effective in decreasing cardiac events in diabetic patients. This study analyzed the risk and then revealed a course of action that could improve the health of the diabetic patient in relationship to a possible life-altering stroke or heart attack (de Vries, 2012).
Secondary preventions address possible risks to an individual’s health level and promote change today. This includes measuring body mass index, blood pressure, and blood sugars. It teaches the patient to monitor their health and diet and exercise now to maintain optimum health. It is functional now. For example, secondary prevention after a second stroke would include lifestyle changes and interventions to decrease weight, add more exercise to the patient’s routine, decrease alcohol intake, stop smoking, and teach the patient the risk factors. In this case, the nurse needs to communicate effectively to ensure that the patient understands and recognizes the need for change. In this way, the patient is directing the changes and choosing how they will carry them out with the support of the nursing and other health care workers. It diminishes the “preaching” teaching method and encourages self-direction (Dregan, 2012).
Tertiary prevention is the choice when a life event has occurred.
It creates the best possible solutions to help a patient return to function. It may include physical therapy, cardiac rehab, diabetic re-education and skills training, weight loss programs and exercise to restore the patient’s health to its optimal level. It is rehabilitative. For example, in Beijing, health care workers had documented that dyslipidemia patients had a 54% greater risk of myocardial infarction. The tertiary care plan they implemented included health promotion programs to eliminate smoking and tobacco use, increase physical exercise, an introduce blood glucose and blood pressure control programs. They created a plan to deal with an existing problem that had verifiable goals (Liu,
2010).
Conclusion
Nurses are the artists and scientists who are at the forefront of health promotion. Whether at a bedside, implementing community health care improvement options, or conducting a study that may define new answers to prevent future problems, nursing professionals play an important role in all levels of improving the health of the world.
References de Vries, F. D. (2012, Nov. 1). Primary Prevention of Major Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events with Statins in Diabetic Patients. Retrieved from Drugs: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9d872a43-1007-48d7-a769-ba3f06463842%40sessionmgr4005&vid=2&hid=4213
Dregan, A. v. (2012). Cluster randomized trial in the general practice research database: 2. Secondary prevention afterfirst stroke (eCRT study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Retrieved from Trials: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7a27f1fd-3d33-42f0-9f12-57fde0dea6c3%40sessionmgr4003&vid=2&hid=4213
Edelman, C. K. (2014). Healh Promotion Throughout the Lifespan. St. Louis: Moseby.
Implementing helath promotion in hospitals-WHO/Europe. (n.d.). Retrieved from Implementing helath promotion in hospitals-WHO/Europe: www.euro.who.int/__data/.../E88584.pdf
Kemppainen, V. T. (2012). Health Promotion International. Retrieved from Health Promotion International: http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/08/10/heapro.das034.full
Liu, Y. Z. (2010). The characteristics of dyslipidemia patients with different durations in Beijing: a cross-sectional study. Retrieved from Lipids in Health and Disease: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/detail?sid=a6c5bb62-0203-4cb5-9c2a-b7e9f92d5cb7%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=55128637
O 'Donnell, M. (2009). Definition of Health Promotion 2.0: Embracing Passion, Enhancing Motivation, Recognizing Dynamic Balance, and Creating Opportunities. American Journal of Health Promotion, iv. Retrieved from American Journal of Health Promotion.
Wilson, A. W. (2012, May). The Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing. Retrieved from The Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing: http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-17-2012/No2-May-2012/Rising-to-the-Challenge-of-Reform.html
Ann Linehan
Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion
2/16/2014
Health promotion is developing a guidance system to optimize the health and wellness of an individual, community, or nation. It takes into account and aims to balance the physical, spiritual, social, emotional, and intellectual aspects of the recipient, and assists them in achieving their goals.
“Health Promotion is the art and science of helping people discover the synergies between their core passions and optimal health, enhancing their motivation to strive for optimal health, and supporting them in changing their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health” (O 'Donnell, 2009). Purpose of Health Promotion …show more content…
Nursing is the largest health care profession and health promotion is its core essence. Nurses are dedicated to caring for the sick, to educating and increasing awareness about good health habits, and advocating for changes to improve the well-being of all. Nursing professionals are on the front line and are in the best position to be proactive and advance health care by performing the research and creating plans and strategies to effect positive health changes. The nursing field is well equipped to provide information on areas of disease prevention and behavioral modification for healthy lifestyle improvement (Kemppainen, 2012).
Evolution of Nursing Roles
The role of nursing has changed drastically. From the original role of providing individual bedside care at home or in hospitals, groundbreakers took to the battlefields literally and figuratively to develop standards and strategies for maintaining healthy environments. While maintaining the practice of individualized care, they have also expanded their roles. They have become certified in specialties, earned nurse practitioner, master’s and doctoral degrees, and have become political and legal advocates and leaders in health care promotion. Rather than the “take your medicine” approach, they educate to patients about why certain medicines are better than others and how lifestyle adjustments can improve that patient’s health. From being seen as just implementing doctors’ orders, nurses now educate and advocate about topics from organ transplantation to childhood obesity.
Their role has expanded across the globe and nurses’ efforts have decreased mortality and AIDS infection rates in developing countries. “The nursing field is taking significant leadership roles in health policy, planning, and provision” (Wilson, 2012).
Implementation
Over the years, many hospitals and health organizations developed individual plans for how best to implement health promotion.
The World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO/Europe) saw the need to develop an overall strategy that could be used by any organization, regardless of size or location. It is an excellent resource for nurses, managers and all health professionals and encompasses all areas of health promotion. From initial assessment of present promotion to discovering better ways to promote lifestyle changes to creating multidisciplinary teams to develop and deliver new strategies, the ultimate goal is the improvement of the health of the client.
Figure 2 shows how by evolving action from screening and risk assessment through health education to communication and marketing and then to regulation, the different strategies expand the focus from the individual to the entire population. By implementing this approach, nurses and other health care professionals can achieve the ultimate goal of health promotion (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2006).
This approach implements all areas of nursing, from primary care, to education, to public health, to leadership, policy and …show more content…
planning.
Comparing the Levels
The WHO/Europe graphic shows the implementation of strategies from the individual to the population as a whole. The ultimate goal of health care prevention is to prevent occurrence or recurrence. Leavell and Clark in their 1965 book, “Preventive medicine for the doctor in his community,” defined three levels of health promotion prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary level includes health promotion and protection. The secondary level deals with diagnosis and treatment. The third level is about restoration and rehabilitation (Edelman, 2014, p. 11).
The levels of health promotion prevention start with the future (primary), then the present (secondary), and lastly the past (tertiary). Primary prevention is forward thinking and focuses on implementing changes before life events occur. It promotes the best health scenario from the bottom up and challenges the status quo to develop improved options. Blind studies are one of the hallmarks of this level. For example, diabetic patients have a higher risk of stroke and heart attack and a greater risk of death post-cardiac events. In the study “Primary Prevention of Major Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Event with Statins in Diabetic Patients,” researchers found that statins were effective in decreasing cardiac events in diabetic patients. This study analyzed the risk and then revealed a course of action that could improve the health of the diabetic patient in relationship to a possible life-altering stroke or heart attack (de Vries, 2012).
Secondary preventions address possible risks to an individual’s health level and promote change today. This includes measuring body mass index, blood pressure, and blood sugars. It teaches the patient to monitor their health and diet and exercise now to maintain optimum health. It is functional now. For example, secondary prevention after a second stroke would include lifestyle changes and interventions to decrease weight, add more exercise to the patient’s routine, decrease alcohol intake, stop smoking, and teach the patient the risk factors. In this case, the nurse needs to communicate effectively to ensure that the patient understands and recognizes the need for change. In this way, the patient is directing the changes and choosing how they will carry them out with the support of the nursing and other health care workers. It diminishes the “preaching” teaching method and encourages self-direction (Dregan, 2012).
Tertiary prevention is the choice when a life event has occurred.
It creates the best possible solutions to help a patient return to function. It may include physical therapy, cardiac rehab, diabetic re-education and skills training, weight loss programs and exercise to restore the patient’s health to its optimal level. It is rehabilitative. For example, in Beijing, health care workers had documented that dyslipidemia patients had a 54% greater risk of myocardial infarction. The tertiary care plan they implemented included health promotion programs to eliminate smoking and tobacco use, increase physical exercise, an introduce blood glucose and blood pressure control programs. They created a plan to deal with an existing problem that had verifiable goals (Liu,
2010).
Conclusion
Nurses are the artists and scientists who are at the forefront of health promotion. Whether at a bedside, implementing community health care improvement options, or conducting a study that may define new answers to prevent future problems, nursing professionals play an important role in all levels of improving the health of the world.
References de Vries, F. D. (2012, Nov. 1). Primary Prevention of Major Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events with Statins in Diabetic Patients. Retrieved from Drugs: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9d872a43-1007-48d7-a769-ba3f06463842%40sessionmgr4005&vid=2&hid=4213
Dregan, A. v. (2012). Cluster randomized trial in the general practice research database: 2. Secondary prevention afterfirst stroke (eCRT study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Retrieved from Trials: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7a27f1fd-3d33-42f0-9f12-57fde0dea6c3%40sessionmgr4003&vid=2&hid=4213
Edelman, C. K. (2014). Healh Promotion Throughout the Lifespan. St. Louis: Moseby.
Implementing helath promotion in hospitals-WHO/Europe. (n.d.). Retrieved from Implementing helath promotion in hospitals-WHO/Europe: www.euro.who.int/__data/.../E88584.pdf
Kemppainen, V. T. (2012). Health Promotion International. Retrieved from Health Promotion International: http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/08/10/heapro.das034.full
Liu, Y. Z. (2010). The characteristics of dyslipidemia patients with different durations in Beijing: a cross-sectional study. Retrieved from Lipids in Health and Disease: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/detail?sid=a6c5bb62-0203-4cb5-9c2a-b7e9f92d5cb7%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=55128637
O 'Donnell, M. (2009). Definition of Health Promotion 2.0: Embracing Passion, Enhancing Motivation, Recognizing Dynamic Balance, and Creating Opportunities. American Journal of Health Promotion, iv. Retrieved from American Journal of Health Promotion.
Wilson, A. W. (2012, May). The Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing. Retrieved from The Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing: http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-17-2012/No2-May-2012/Rising-to-the-Challenge-of-Reform.html