Food Pyramid Research Paper
Monica Zimmerman
Module 9
1) An oral temperature is taken in the mouth when a resident has no difficulty holding a thermometer in the mouth. To get an accurate temperature a person must be able to breathe through the nose. A rectal temperature is taken when the thermometer is placed in the anus, when you cannot take an oral temperature on a person. Never take an oral temperature if a person is confused or disorientated, cannot breathe with the mouth closed, is unconscious, has seizures, is on oxygen, is six years or younger.
2) The normal temperature for adults is:
a) Oral 96.8-99.0 degrees F average- 98.6
b) Rectal 98.6-100 degrees F 99.6
c) Axillary 96.6-98.0 degrees F …show more content…
97.6
3) You should not take an oral temperature if a person is confused and disoriented, cannot breathe with the mouth closed, is unconscious, has seizures, is on oxygen, or is six years or younger.
4) Measuring a pulse, requires three observations:
a) Rate- number of beats per minute
b) Rhythm-how regular and even the beats are
c) Strength/force- weak or pounding
5) Three common areas for measuring pulse are:
a) The radial pulse- felt on the wrist on thumb side
b) The carotid artery-is in the neck in the groove next to the Adam’s apple
c) The apical pulse- is a measurement of heartbeats at the apex of the heart under the left breast
6) Increased respirations may be caused by fever, emotions, exercise, or infections.
7) Breathing irregularities can be a sign of a respiratory problem and you should notify your supervisor immediately. Breathing problems may indicate an emergency. They include:
a) Very fast or very slow breathing
b) Noisy (describe the sound)
c) Shallow (very little chest movement)
d) Shortness of breathe
e) Labored (wheezing or breathing with great effort)
f) Blue color (cyanosis) around the lips, nose or fingernails
8) Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure. The higher the pressure, the greater the risk of stroke or heart attacks. Elderly people tend to have higher blood pressure due to thickening and hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis).
Module 10
1) You can help prevent falls by following these guidelines:
a. Wipe up spills immediately
b. Keep the call light close to the resident, and respond to the call light promptly
c. Use proper lighting
d. Use side rails as necessary (after checking whether side rails are allowed)
e. Keep items that are used frequently close at hand so the resident won’t fall reaching for them
f. Remove obstacles to walking ( personal items, cords, equipment)
g. Assist residents into and out of the bath if needed; never leave them unattended
h. Lock wheels when moving residents to and from wheelchairs or gurneys
i. Encourage residents to use hand rails when walking
j. Promote ambulation to maintain strength, and assist as needed
k. Be alert to furniture or objects that pose safety hazards
l. When moving a wheelchair, do not let the resident’s feet drag on the floor; use footrests
m. Watch for signs of weakness or dizziness
n. Ensure correct use of assistive devices (crutches, walkers, canes etc)
2) Accidental poisoning can be the result of carelessness, confusion, or not being able to read labels because of poor vision. Keep all cleansing products and disinfectants locked in storage cupboards.
3) Leading causes of burns are cigarettes, bath water and hot liquids.
4) Awareness of fire hazards is the first step in prevention. By removing any of these elements, a fire can be prevented:
a. Heat- flame or spark
b. Oxygen- normal air
c. Fuel- any combustible material (items that catch fire and burn easily)
5) In a catastrophe, the top priority is making sure the residents are secured. If a catastrophe strikes, you must be prepared to act quickly, safely, and calmly. Action depends upon the nature of the catastrophe and the facility’s disaster plan.
6) CPR must begin as soon as the heart and lung functions stop in order to prevent damage to the brain and organs. Before starting CPR carefully assess the situation. Quickly determine whether the person is breathing by simultaneously Looking for chest rise, Listening for breath and Feeling for air motion on your cheek. If there is no signs of breathing, kneel at the person’s side, and follow the procedures you learned in CPR training.
7) The Heimlich Maneuver is an emergency first-aid procedure to prevent suffocation. It is used only when there is complete obstruction of the airway. Abdominal thrusts are used to dislodge the obstruction and force it upward, out of the throat. Clutching the throat is the universal sign for choking. In the person cannot speak or cough, or if the response is very weak, proceed with the Heimlich Maneuver.
8) Some alternatives to using restraints are:
a. Companionship and supervision
b. Physical and mental activities
c. Therapeutic touch
d. Supervised outings
e. Emotional support
f. Restorative programs (strengthening exercises to promote safe ambulation)
g. Specialized programs for residents with dementia
h. Music, therapy, reminiscence
i. Programs to allow safe wandering (such as alarms and good supervision)
j. Mattresses that are ordered for the floor to reduce injuries from falls
k. Preventive programs to calm aggressive behavior (approaching residents in a quiet and clam manner, not rushing them)
Module 11
1) Good nutrition is important because eating right is vital to each person’s physical and emotional well-being.
Good nutrition maintains health and body functioning and increases the ability to fight infections. Poor nutrition causes health problems and sometimes relates to behavioral changes.
2) The purpose of the food pyramid is to be a general guideline to people to maintain a healthy diet. The pyramid is personalized, focusing on a balance between how much a person eats and how many calories a person burns. Emphasis is on healthy choices, and calorie levels are based on age, gender, and physical activity.
3) Food from the grain group includes any food made from wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley, or another cereal grain (bread, pasta, oatmeal, breakfast cereal).
4) You should encourage residents to eat in the dining room because it provides opportunity to socialize.
5) To help make mealtimes pleasant you can sit beside the resident at eye level, and carry on a pleasant conversation. You can feed the food slowly; offering small amounts of food at a time from the tip of a half-filled spoon. Allow time to chew and swallow and watch for signs of gagging or choking. Stop feeding when the resident does not want more or seems tired. Always be sensitive to their feelings of helplessness, and remember that it may e frightening or frustrating to be completely dependent on others for basic
care.
6) Steps to get ready for mealtime are as follows:
a. Position the resident for comfort and safety ( sitting upright at a 90 degree angle with the head stabilized)
b. Remind the resident to wear dentures if needed
c. Assist as needed with washing hands and face
d. Be familiar with the resident’s diet and any restrictions (calories, sweets, salt, etc)
e. If the resident has been incontinent, change the person before feeding
f. Know how to use special eating utensils, and encourage residents to use adaptive self-feeding devices as ordered
g. Understand progressive self-feeding programs, and encourage self-feeding for residents who are able
7) To ensure you are serving the right meal to the correct resident, check the resident’s wrist identification and ask the resident to tell you his or her name. Check the diet card and compare it with the meal you are serving to be sure it is correct. Serving the wrong meal could cause severe problems.
8) Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing. If you observe a resident who has difficulty swallowing report it to your supervisor immediately. A person with dysphagia may have difficulty swallowing foods that are pureed or sticky, such as mashed potatoes, thin liquids (water), or dry food like crackers. Feeding a resident who has this requires bolt upright positioning, facing straight ahead. Tilting the head back increases swallowing difficulty and could allow food to enter the lungs. Watch the Adams apple rise and fall. Be patient and do not rush the resident.
Module 12
1) Growing old affects people physically, psychologically, and socially. Aging brings physical and emotional changes, losses, and different roles. After retirement some people miss the feelings of usefulness, personal satisfaction and sense of belonging that are related to work.
2) To increase desirable behavior, use praise or rewards such as:
a. Showing respect and making the person feel important
b. Listening and showing interest
c. Saying thank you
d. Smiling and acknowledging accomplishments
e. Patting the person on the back or giving the person a hug
f. Offering a special treat
3) The NA can help a patient with dementia by reality orientation which is based on being repetitive like repeating the person’s name often and identifying yourself each time you visit. Validation therapy is another way- you validate the person by accepting his or her feelings and “going with the flow”. Music is another useful form of therapy that soothes and relaxes residents and brings back memories of people, events, places and feelings. Reminiscing about the past is also a form of therapy. Recalling fond memories tends to improve thinking skills and stimulate the senses.
4) COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and is the term for permanent lung diseases that obstruct airflow. Symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough, and recurring respiratory infections.
5) Side effects of cancer treatments can affect a person’s appetite, energy level, appearance, and physical comfort. Treatment can cause nausea and vomiting. Skin becomes easily irritated. A dry mouth is often common. Treatment causes fatigue and hair loss is common. It impacts the person emotionally; a person with cancer has fears, concerns, and frustrations.
6) Symptoms of diabetes are:
a. Excessive thirst
b. Weight loss
c. Blurred vision
d. Frequent urination
e. Fatigue
f. Muscle cramps
g. Skin is easily irritated and slow to heal
7) To help prevent injury during a seizure do not try to restrain the person. Never pry the mouth open, and do not insert anything into the mouth. Stay calm and do not try to stop the movements. Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally. Follow these guidelines:
a. Call for help
b. Help the person lies down, and place a pillow under the head
c. If possible, turn the head to one side to prevent choking
d. If the seizure occurs on the floor, move furniture and equipment out of the way
e. If the person is in bed, pad the side rails with blankets or soft foam
8) CVA is a stroke. Strokes are also known as cerebrovascular accidents which are “brain attacks” that occur when blood supply to the brain is interrupted by a clot or hemorrhage damaging or destroying brain tissue. Many stroke victims lose control of muscles and thought processes.
Module 9
1) An oral temperature is taken in the mouth when a resident has no difficulty holding a thermometer in the mouth. To get an accurate temperature a person must be able to breathe through the nose. A rectal temperature is taken when the thermometer is placed in the anus, when you cannot take an oral temperature on a person. Never take an oral temperature if a person is confused or disorientated, cannot breathe with the mouth closed, is unconscious, has seizures, is on oxygen, is six years or younger.
2) The normal temperature for adults is:
a) Oral 96.8-99.0 degrees F average- 98.6
b) Rectal 98.6-100 degrees F 99.6
c) Axillary 96.6-98.0 degrees F …show more content…
97.6
3) You should not take an oral temperature if a person is confused and disoriented, cannot breathe with the mouth closed, is unconscious, has seizures, is on oxygen, or is six years or younger.
4) Measuring a pulse, requires three observations:
a) Rate- number of beats per minute
b) Rhythm-how regular and even the beats are
c) Strength/force- weak or pounding
5) Three common areas for measuring pulse are:
a) The radial pulse- felt on the wrist on thumb side
b) The carotid artery-is in the neck in the groove next to the Adam’s apple
c) The apical pulse- is a measurement of heartbeats at the apex of the heart under the left breast
6) Increased respirations may be caused by fever, emotions, exercise, or infections.
7) Breathing irregularities can be a sign of a respiratory problem and you should notify your supervisor immediately. Breathing problems may indicate an emergency. They include:
a) Very fast or very slow breathing
b) Noisy (describe the sound)
c) Shallow (very little chest movement)
d) Shortness of breathe
e) Labored (wheezing or breathing with great effort)
f) Blue color (cyanosis) around the lips, nose or fingernails
8) Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure. The higher the pressure, the greater the risk of stroke or heart attacks. Elderly people tend to have higher blood pressure due to thickening and hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis).
Module 10
1) You can help prevent falls by following these guidelines:
a. Wipe up spills immediately
b. Keep the call light close to the resident, and respond to the call light promptly
c. Use proper lighting
d. Use side rails as necessary (after checking whether side rails are allowed)
e. Keep items that are used frequently close at hand so the resident won’t fall reaching for them
f. Remove obstacles to walking ( personal items, cords, equipment)
g. Assist residents into and out of the bath if needed; never leave them unattended
h. Lock wheels when moving residents to and from wheelchairs or gurneys
i. Encourage residents to use hand rails when walking
j. Promote ambulation to maintain strength, and assist as needed
k. Be alert to furniture or objects that pose safety hazards
l. When moving a wheelchair, do not let the resident’s feet drag on the floor; use footrests
m. Watch for signs of weakness or dizziness
n. Ensure correct use of assistive devices (crutches, walkers, canes etc)
2) Accidental poisoning can be the result of carelessness, confusion, or not being able to read labels because of poor vision. Keep all cleansing products and disinfectants locked in storage cupboards.
3) Leading causes of burns are cigarettes, bath water and hot liquids.
4) Awareness of fire hazards is the first step in prevention. By removing any of these elements, a fire can be prevented:
a. Heat- flame or spark
b. Oxygen- normal air
c. Fuel- any combustible material (items that catch fire and burn easily)
5) In a catastrophe, the top priority is making sure the residents are secured. If a catastrophe strikes, you must be prepared to act quickly, safely, and calmly. Action depends upon the nature of the catastrophe and the facility’s disaster plan.
6) CPR must begin as soon as the heart and lung functions stop in order to prevent damage to the brain and organs. Before starting CPR carefully assess the situation. Quickly determine whether the person is breathing by simultaneously Looking for chest rise, Listening for breath and Feeling for air motion on your cheek. If there is no signs of breathing, kneel at the person’s side, and follow the procedures you learned in CPR training.
7) The Heimlich Maneuver is an emergency first-aid procedure to prevent suffocation. It is used only when there is complete obstruction of the airway. Abdominal thrusts are used to dislodge the obstruction and force it upward, out of the throat. Clutching the throat is the universal sign for choking. In the person cannot speak or cough, or if the response is very weak, proceed with the Heimlich Maneuver.
8) Some alternatives to using restraints are:
a. Companionship and supervision
b. Physical and mental activities
c. Therapeutic touch
d. Supervised outings
e. Emotional support
f. Restorative programs (strengthening exercises to promote safe ambulation)
g. Specialized programs for residents with dementia
h. Music, therapy, reminiscence
i. Programs to allow safe wandering (such as alarms and good supervision)
j. Mattresses that are ordered for the floor to reduce injuries from falls
k. Preventive programs to calm aggressive behavior (approaching residents in a quiet and clam manner, not rushing them)
Module 11
1) Good nutrition is important because eating right is vital to each person’s physical and emotional well-being.
Good nutrition maintains health and body functioning and increases the ability to fight infections. Poor nutrition causes health problems and sometimes relates to behavioral changes.
2) The purpose of the food pyramid is to be a general guideline to people to maintain a healthy diet. The pyramid is personalized, focusing on a balance between how much a person eats and how many calories a person burns. Emphasis is on healthy choices, and calorie levels are based on age, gender, and physical activity.
3) Food from the grain group includes any food made from wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley, or another cereal grain (bread, pasta, oatmeal, breakfast cereal).
4) You should encourage residents to eat in the dining room because it provides opportunity to socialize.
5) To help make mealtimes pleasant you can sit beside the resident at eye level, and carry on a pleasant conversation. You can feed the food slowly; offering small amounts of food at a time from the tip of a half-filled spoon. Allow time to chew and swallow and watch for signs of gagging or choking. Stop feeding when the resident does not want more or seems tired. Always be sensitive to their feelings of helplessness, and remember that it may e frightening or frustrating to be completely dependent on others for basic
care.
6) Steps to get ready for mealtime are as follows:
a. Position the resident for comfort and safety ( sitting upright at a 90 degree angle with the head stabilized)
b. Remind the resident to wear dentures if needed
c. Assist as needed with washing hands and face
d. Be familiar with the resident’s diet and any restrictions (calories, sweets, salt, etc)
e. If the resident has been incontinent, change the person before feeding
f. Know how to use special eating utensils, and encourage residents to use adaptive self-feeding devices as ordered
g. Understand progressive self-feeding programs, and encourage self-feeding for residents who are able
7) To ensure you are serving the right meal to the correct resident, check the resident’s wrist identification and ask the resident to tell you his or her name. Check the diet card and compare it with the meal you are serving to be sure it is correct. Serving the wrong meal could cause severe problems.
8) Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing. If you observe a resident who has difficulty swallowing report it to your supervisor immediately. A person with dysphagia may have difficulty swallowing foods that are pureed or sticky, such as mashed potatoes, thin liquids (water), or dry food like crackers. Feeding a resident who has this requires bolt upright positioning, facing straight ahead. Tilting the head back increases swallowing difficulty and could allow food to enter the lungs. Watch the Adams apple rise and fall. Be patient and do not rush the resident.
Module 12
1) Growing old affects people physically, psychologically, and socially. Aging brings physical and emotional changes, losses, and different roles. After retirement some people miss the feelings of usefulness, personal satisfaction and sense of belonging that are related to work.
2) To increase desirable behavior, use praise or rewards such as:
a. Showing respect and making the person feel important
b. Listening and showing interest
c. Saying thank you
d. Smiling and acknowledging accomplishments
e. Patting the person on the back or giving the person a hug
f. Offering a special treat
3) The NA can help a patient with dementia by reality orientation which is based on being repetitive like repeating the person’s name often and identifying yourself each time you visit. Validation therapy is another way- you validate the person by accepting his or her feelings and “going with the flow”. Music is another useful form of therapy that soothes and relaxes residents and brings back memories of people, events, places and feelings. Reminiscing about the past is also a form of therapy. Recalling fond memories tends to improve thinking skills and stimulate the senses.
4) COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and is the term for permanent lung diseases that obstruct airflow. Symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough, and recurring respiratory infections.
5) Side effects of cancer treatments can affect a person’s appetite, energy level, appearance, and physical comfort. Treatment can cause nausea and vomiting. Skin becomes easily irritated. A dry mouth is often common. Treatment causes fatigue and hair loss is common. It impacts the person emotionally; a person with cancer has fears, concerns, and frustrations.
6) Symptoms of diabetes are:
a. Excessive thirst
b. Weight loss
c. Blurred vision
d. Frequent urination
e. Fatigue
f. Muscle cramps
g. Skin is easily irritated and slow to heal
7) To help prevent injury during a seizure do not try to restrain the person. Never pry the mouth open, and do not insert anything into the mouth. Stay calm and do not try to stop the movements. Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally. Follow these guidelines:
a. Call for help
b. Help the person lies down, and place a pillow under the head
c. If possible, turn the head to one side to prevent choking
d. If the seizure occurs on the floor, move furniture and equipment out of the way
e. If the person is in bed, pad the side rails with blankets or soft foam
8) CVA is a stroke. Strokes are also known as cerebrovascular accidents which are “brain attacks” that occur when blood supply to the brain is interrupted by a clot or hemorrhage damaging or destroying brain tissue. Many stroke victims lose control of muscles and thought processes.