In Barbara Ehrenreich’s book Nickel and Dimed, Ehrenreich explores the dynamics of social stratification by gender in working class America. Similarly to race, Ehrenreich shows how gender and gender roles are a part of a closed system in the American workforce. One can first see this early on in the book when Ehrenreich works as a waitress. Ehrenreich describes a dynamic in this work setting in which female workers are subservient to a dominant male manager who is very critical. She mainly shows this by introducing the reader to Joan,…
Specialized roles ↑, men hunt and fish (traveling activities) and women gather pants and care for children (stay at home)…
Growing distinction between workplace and home led to distinction in societal roles of men and women. Women had long been denied legal and political rights, little access to business, less access to education at high…
1. Did ABC advertising discriminate against Jean on the basis of sex when they failed to…
Hakim believes there’s an occupational segregation in the UK. In the UK according to Hakim men and women do different kinds of work. There are 2 types of occupational segregation. Horizontal segregation and Vertical segregation. Horizontal segregation is when men and women are concentrated in different types if jobs in different sectors of the economy. Women who are in the public sector usually work in health and social work and education. However in the private sector women normally are in admin or clerical work whereas men are in the skilled and manual sector. However horizontal segregation may decline as there is a decline in the primary and secondary sector in the economy. Vertical segregation is when women occupy jobs of low pay and status. There’s evidence that women work in lower levels however when they can work in upper professions they still have a glass ceiling above them according to Walby. This affects women as if there is any chance of promotion they end up being restricted to go any higher. Women also receive less pay in 1975 women only earned 71% of the average full time male wage. The gap has narrowed over the last 30…
“Semi-skilled and unskilled jobs were designed as ‘women’s jobs’ and were exempt from equal pay negotiations” (“Striking Women”). Women were working in the factories to help the men in war and they did not even get equal pay. A woman’s place was still considered to be at home so when women went to work they did not get very good jobs. Women went on strike and fought for equal pay.…
"Trends in Occupational Sex Segregation and Inequality, 1950 to 1990 ☆☆☆." ScienceDirect.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2013.…
Brown, K (Brugel, I (1989) ‘Sex and race in the labour market ', Feminist Review, 32, p49-69…
One of the many ways that labour markets can be segmented is by gender. Gender segmentation can be two types: Horizontal segregation, where men and women do different jobs in different occupations, industries or sectors. For example, in a small town the men were minors? And women were waitresses; and vertical segregation, where there is a division of task, status, responsibility within an organization, with men having greater authority and better pay. For example, women face subtle barriers to advancements – the boss is a guy and woman is his…
To start off with, the domestic division of labour refers to the roles that men and women play in relation to housework, paid work and child care. Talcott Parsons (1995) came up with the theory of the two role names, the instrumental and expressive role. The men have the instrumental role; they aim to succeed at work, to ensure they can get money to provide for their family. However the woman has the expressive role; meaning they are expected to take care of child care and handle the emotional needs of their family. Parson argues that the division of labour is based on biological differences, for instance women are said to be naturally suited to the nurturing role. This all makes Parsons view clear that he does not think that the gender roles in the modern family life have improved and become more equal.…
Hostile Sexism: In my culture, a hostile sexism example will be that the lower-class women are meant to be concierges or caretakers.…
Ever since the first studies of race, gender, sexuality were performed, society has always tried to construct white, cisgender, heterosexual, men on top of some social hierarchy. In doing so, this has created a plethora of disadvantages for those lower in the totem pole of society, many of which still exist today. Although society has made many progressions in the relations between men and women, there are still some disparities, such as the wage gap. Some may argue that the reason women earn less because they have less experience or a lower level of education, but men who have the same level of experience still earn more. This extends further to women and men of color, who have a much larger wage gap than just white women. This kind of economic…
When people who have the same level of educational attainment and work experience are treated differently because of their gender: different pay levels for the same work or different job requirements for the same pay level. Efforts and achievements in the field of direct discrimination have been made in many countries by passing laws or establishing supportive institutions. The various forms of discrimination relating to occupational gender segregation are more subtle as well as more…
Women have experienced a historic situation of inequality in the social as well as professional aspects. Women are normally the ones that would take care of the children, do the household chores, and in rural areas; they would work in the field with the rest of the family. Just like how the Breaking Barriers article states, “from an early age, girls are dressed in pink boys in blue. Boys are given trucks to play with while girls are offered dolls [..] girls are assigned household duties like washing the dishes and doing laundry, while boys are relegated to mowing the lawn and talking out the trash” (18). Gender inequality in the workplace is becoming less common; yet, gender is a factor that affects both men and women. Also, in Breaking Barriers article it says how “females and males often choose career paths that are traditional for their gender” (18). Females are usually seen in jobs such as nursing or paralegals. Males are typically doing jobs that have to do with welding, carpentry, or engineering. Women could have the same capabilities and maybe even higher qualifications than a men going for the same position, but because of gender inequality the male is more likely to get the job then the female. Men and women should be offered the same job opportunities no matter what gender they are; it should be based on their ability to complete the…
Compared to men, women are much less in the workforce. They are still exposed to sex and race discrimination that influences their pay, hiring or promotions. Women’s median earnings are lower than men’s in nearly all occupations, whether they work in occupations predominantly done by women, occupations predominantly done by men or occupations with a more even mix of men and women (Hegewisch, Matite 2013). For equality to be achieved then occupational segregation needs to be wiped out. Occupational segregation sets job limits in the workforce such that men will do jobs that are meant for men and women stick to jobs that are done by women. The most discriminating fact is that women earn less than men in all of the most common occupations for both women and men; they also earn less in broad occupations by race or ethnicity. Besides, the work done by men tends to fetch a lot more than the work that is done by women.…