Obesity Epidemic Summary
Chapter 8: Addressing the Obesity Epidemic: An issue for Public Health Policy
These notes contain some outline on obesity. You have to read the references from the CDC to further learn about obesity meaning that All the Online References are Mandatory. The video on titled “Childhood Obesity Epidemic” is mandatory and you watch it when you click “content”.
1. Defining the terms Obesity and Overweight as they apply to adults and children: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/defining.html
Definitions for Adults:
An adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight.
An adult who has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
Definitions for children:
Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the …show more content…
95th percentile.
Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.
2. Epidemiology of Obesity and Overweight:
Data and Statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/index.html In 2009, no state met the Healthy People 2010 obesity target of 15%, and the self-reported overall prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults had increased 1.1 percentage points from 2007.
Prevalence and Trends in Obesity among US Adults, 1999-2008:
Wide sections of the Southeast, Appalachia, and some tribal lands in the West and Northern Plains have the nation 's highest rates of obesity and diabetes. In many counties in those regions, rates of diagnosed diabetes exceed 10 percent and obesity prevalence is more than 30 percent.
Obesity Data shows Blacks have the Highest Rates of Obesity:
Blacks had 51 percent higher prevalence of obesity, and Hispanics had 21 percent higher obesity prevalence compared with whites.
CDC Study finds No increase in Obesity among Adults; but levels still high, 2005-2006:
After a quarter century of increases, obesity prevalence has not measurably increased in the past few years but levels are still high — at 34 percent of U.S. adults aged 20 and over.
Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity and Extreme Obesity among Adults: Unites States, trends 1960-62 through 2005-06:
Results from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that an estimated 32.7 percent of U.S. adults 20 years and older are overweight, 34.3 percent are obese and 5.9 percent are extremely obese.
Overweight Trends Among Children and Adolescents
Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963-1965 Through 2007-2008:
Results from the 2007–2008 NHANES, using measured heights and weights, indicate that an estimated 16.9% of children and adolescents aged 2–19 years are obese. Between 1976–1980 and 1999–2000, the prevalence of obesity increased. Between 1999–2000 and 2007–2008, there was no significant trend in obesity prevalence for any age group. Among preschool children aged 2–5, obesity increased from 5.0% to 10.4% between 1976–1980 and 2007–2008 and from 6.5% to 19.6% among those aged 6–11. Among adolescents aged 12–19, obesity increased from 5.0% to 18.1% during the same period.
Obesity Prevalence Among Low-Income, Preschool-Aged Children 1998-2008:
One of 7 low-income, preschool-aged children is obese, but the obesity epidemic may be stabilizing. The prevalence of obesity in low-income two to four year-olds increased from 12.4 percent in 1998 to 14.5 percent in 2003 but rose to only 14.6 percent in 2008.
Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in US Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008:
Cynthia L. Ogden; Margaret D. Carroll; Lester R. Curtin; Molly M. Lamb; Katherine M. Flegal
JAMA. 2010;303(3):242-249
The prevalence of high weight for length or high body mass index (BMI) among children and teens in the U.S.
(i.e., at or above the 95th percentile), ranges from approximately 10 percent for infants and toddlers, to approximately 18 percent for adolescents and teenagers, although these rates appear to have remained relatively stable over the past 10 years, except for an increase for 6- to 19-year-old boys who are at the very heaviest weight levels, according to a CDC study appearing in the January 20 issue of JAMA.
3. Causes and Consequences: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes/index.html Why are overweight and obesity so prevalent now? There is no one underlying cause of obesity. Even though genetics play a big percentage in contributing to one individual for being overweight and obese, it is not the only factor. It is unlikely that it is the only cause for the increased prevalence of obesity as changes in genetic makeup of an organism or population takes extended periods of time to occur. It is more likely that the rapid increased in obesity over the past three decades is due primarily to societal and environmental factors.
Factors contributing to obesity:
Caloric Balance
Environment
Genetics
Other factors to include Diseases and Drugs
Psychosocial Risk factors
Behavioral/Lifestyles Risk factors: dietary intake, physical activity, other lifestyles behaviors
Environmental Risk factors: Food production and transportation, other technological changes, portion sizes, foods available at restaurants
Social environment
Urban Sprawl and the Built Environment
Poverty
4. Strategies for Prevention of Obesity: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/recommendations.html Community strategies:
Reversing the U.S. obesity epidemic requires a comprehensive and coordinated approach that uses policy and envi ronmental change to transform communities into places that support and promote healthy lifestyle choices for all U.S. residents. This report describes the expert panel process that was used to identify 24 recommended strategies for obesity prevention and a sug gested measurement for each strategy that communities can use to assess performance and track progress over time. The 24 strategies are divided into six categories: 1) strategies to promote the availability of affordable healthy food and beverages), 2) strategies to support healthy food and beverage choices, 3) a strategy to encourage breastfeeding, 4) strategies to encourage physical activity or limit sedentary activity among children and youth, 5) strategies to create safe communities that support physical activity, and 6) a strategy to encourage communities to organize for change.
School-based Strategies http://www.thecommunityguide.org/obesity/index.html :
This document released by The Division of Adolescent and School Health offers recognized physical activity and healthy eating, strategies, undertaken by states that have shown promise in helping schools address and prevent childhood obesity.
5. Read “What can the Community nutritionist do? page 274
Steps of the action of a community nutritionist to contribute to the prevention of overweight and obesity are:
1. Build an understanding of the magnitude of the problem
2. Put into effect policies and practices that target both individual behavioral factors and environmental factors
3. Develop creative solutions
6. Read “Diet Confusion: Weighing the Evidence” on page 280 and especially How can You Evaluate a Diet to Determine Whether It is Healthful? (page 282)
7. 2 Videos on Childhood Obesity can be viewed by clicking on “Content”
These notes contain some outline on obesity. You have to read the references from the CDC to further learn about obesity meaning that All the Online References are Mandatory. The video on titled “Childhood Obesity Epidemic” is mandatory and you watch it when you click “content”.
1. Defining the terms Obesity and Overweight as they apply to adults and children: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/defining.html
Definitions for Adults:
An adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight.
An adult who has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
Definitions for children:
Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the …show more content…
95th percentile.
Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.
2. Epidemiology of Obesity and Overweight:
Data and Statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/index.html In 2009, no state met the Healthy People 2010 obesity target of 15%, and the self-reported overall prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults had increased 1.1 percentage points from 2007.
Prevalence and Trends in Obesity among US Adults, 1999-2008:
Wide sections of the Southeast, Appalachia, and some tribal lands in the West and Northern Plains have the nation 's highest rates of obesity and diabetes. In many counties in those regions, rates of diagnosed diabetes exceed 10 percent and obesity prevalence is more than 30 percent.
Obesity Data shows Blacks have the Highest Rates of Obesity:
Blacks had 51 percent higher prevalence of obesity, and Hispanics had 21 percent higher obesity prevalence compared with whites.
CDC Study finds No increase in Obesity among Adults; but levels still high, 2005-2006:
After a quarter century of increases, obesity prevalence has not measurably increased in the past few years but levels are still high — at 34 percent of U.S. adults aged 20 and over.
Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity and Extreme Obesity among Adults: Unites States, trends 1960-62 through 2005-06:
Results from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that an estimated 32.7 percent of U.S. adults 20 years and older are overweight, 34.3 percent are obese and 5.9 percent are extremely obese.
Overweight Trends Among Children and Adolescents
Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963-1965 Through 2007-2008:
Results from the 2007–2008 NHANES, using measured heights and weights, indicate that an estimated 16.9% of children and adolescents aged 2–19 years are obese. Between 1976–1980 and 1999–2000, the prevalence of obesity increased. Between 1999–2000 and 2007–2008, there was no significant trend in obesity prevalence for any age group. Among preschool children aged 2–5, obesity increased from 5.0% to 10.4% between 1976–1980 and 2007–2008 and from 6.5% to 19.6% among those aged 6–11. Among adolescents aged 12–19, obesity increased from 5.0% to 18.1% during the same period.
Obesity Prevalence Among Low-Income, Preschool-Aged Children 1998-2008:
One of 7 low-income, preschool-aged children is obese, but the obesity epidemic may be stabilizing. The prevalence of obesity in low-income two to four year-olds increased from 12.4 percent in 1998 to 14.5 percent in 2003 but rose to only 14.6 percent in 2008.
Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in US Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008:
Cynthia L. Ogden; Margaret D. Carroll; Lester R. Curtin; Molly M. Lamb; Katherine M. Flegal
JAMA. 2010;303(3):242-249
The prevalence of high weight for length or high body mass index (BMI) among children and teens in the U.S.
(i.e., at or above the 95th percentile), ranges from approximately 10 percent for infants and toddlers, to approximately 18 percent for adolescents and teenagers, although these rates appear to have remained relatively stable over the past 10 years, except for an increase for 6- to 19-year-old boys who are at the very heaviest weight levels, according to a CDC study appearing in the January 20 issue of JAMA.
3. Causes and Consequences: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes/index.html Why are overweight and obesity so prevalent now? There is no one underlying cause of obesity. Even though genetics play a big percentage in contributing to one individual for being overweight and obese, it is not the only factor. It is unlikely that it is the only cause for the increased prevalence of obesity as changes in genetic makeup of an organism or population takes extended periods of time to occur. It is more likely that the rapid increased in obesity over the past three decades is due primarily to societal and environmental factors.
Factors contributing to obesity:
Caloric Balance
Environment
Genetics
Other factors to include Diseases and Drugs
Psychosocial Risk factors
Behavioral/Lifestyles Risk factors: dietary intake, physical activity, other lifestyles behaviors
Environmental Risk factors: Food production and transportation, other technological changes, portion sizes, foods available at restaurants
Social environment
Urban Sprawl and the Built Environment
Poverty
4. Strategies for Prevention of Obesity: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/recommendations.html Community strategies:
Reversing the U.S. obesity epidemic requires a comprehensive and coordinated approach that uses policy and envi ronmental change to transform communities into places that support and promote healthy lifestyle choices for all U.S. residents. This report describes the expert panel process that was used to identify 24 recommended strategies for obesity prevention and a sug gested measurement for each strategy that communities can use to assess performance and track progress over time. The 24 strategies are divided into six categories: 1) strategies to promote the availability of affordable healthy food and beverages), 2) strategies to support healthy food and beverage choices, 3) a strategy to encourage breastfeeding, 4) strategies to encourage physical activity or limit sedentary activity among children and youth, 5) strategies to create safe communities that support physical activity, and 6) a strategy to encourage communities to organize for change.
School-based Strategies http://www.thecommunityguide.org/obesity/index.html :
This document released by The Division of Adolescent and School Health offers recognized physical activity and healthy eating, strategies, undertaken by states that have shown promise in helping schools address and prevent childhood obesity.
5. Read “What can the Community nutritionist do? page 274
Steps of the action of a community nutritionist to contribute to the prevention of overweight and obesity are:
1. Build an understanding of the magnitude of the problem
2. Put into effect policies and practices that target both individual behavioral factors and environmental factors
3. Develop creative solutions
6. Read “Diet Confusion: Weighing the Evidence” on page 280 and especially How can You Evaluate a Diet to Determine Whether It is Healthful? (page 282)
7. 2 Videos on Childhood Obesity can be viewed by clicking on “Content”