Cerrutti, D.T.,Staddon, J.E.R. Operant Conditioning. Annual Rev. Psychol.2003-This article examines the reversible aspects of behavior.…
| * Originated by E.L. Thorndike and John Watson but typically associated with B.F. Skinner. * General focus was on observable behavior even though internal states such as thinking and feeling can influence behavior as well. * History of an individual provides the most useful data for predicting and controlling behavior. However, behavior is also shaped by natural selection and the evolution of culture. * The Behavioral Analysis Theory has been developed by assistance of observing animals, with priority to rats and pigeons. * Operant Conditioning is a process in which reinforcement (punishment) is given based upon the occurrence of a specific behavior. * There are two types of reinforcers, positive and negative. A positive reinforce is used to increase the likelihood that the given behavior will occur. A negative reinforcer is taking a specific stimulus away activating the possibility that the given behavior will occur. * Reinforcements are applied in two different variants, the first being a continuous process; the other type being intermittent. * There are two types of punishments that have been identified. The first presents a stimulus and the second involves removing a positive stimulus within a situation.Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009).…
Classical and Operant differ in when an event takes place. Classical conditioning involves an event, and then a conditioned response, while Operant relies on a decision, knowing what the following event may be.…
In this type of learning, the focus is on behavior and its positive or negative significance - the owner of the behavior must respond in a manner that produces the reinforcing stimulus. Contingent reinforcement exemplifies this process because the reinforcer is dependent upon certain responses from the organism whose behavior is being modified. Other major concepts of Skinners Theory of Operant Conditioning include: the Skinner box, cumulative recording, shaping (including differential reinforcement and successive approximation), extinction, spontaneous recovery, secondary reinforcement, generalized reinforcers, chaining, and positive or negative reinforcers…
as the simplest methods, while operant conditioning is seen to be more instrumental, so each of these…
Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning is voluntary. There are four types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, time-out, and punishment. To become a balanced individual, it is important that we do not let any of our personality traits become skewed too far to one side. For example, my strongest personality trait in thinking, which is at thirty-eight percent. I could use operant conditioning to make myself more balanced between thinking and feeling. Using positive reinforcement, I could try to become more compassionate towards others, which would be my initial response, or R. The initial response would lead to the positive response of making others feel good, which would be the unconditioned stimulus. My unconditioned response would be to continue being more compassionate towards others because it makes them feel good. An example of negative reinforcement would be to start with my initial response, or R, as thinking less analytically. This would lead to a decrease in stress from always thinking analytically, which is my unconditioned stimulus. The decrease in stress would lead me to increase my less analytical thinking, which would be my unconditioned response. An example of time-out would start with the initial response, or R, of being tough-minded. This tough-mindedness would lead to the negative response of losing friends, which is the unconditioned stimulus. My loss of friends would lead to a decrease in my tough-minded behavior, which is the unconditioned response. The last type of operant conditioning is punishment. An example of using punishment to become more balanced would be to start with in initial response, or R, as only thinking reasonably and having no compassion when a friend tells me a problem they are having. This would result in the unconditioned stimulus of my friend yelling at me. My unconditioned response to this situation would be to decrease my…
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in psychology, where behavior is controlled by negative or positive punishment. Main concepts in operant conditioning are: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment.…
Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a form of learning that utilizes a specific stimulus to result a voluntary response from the subject. 278 The only difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is the type of response. Both forms of conditioning has a stimulus that produces a response, however, unlike operant conditioning, classical conditioning produces an involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus 281.Within operant conditioning, there is reinforcement. To put it in simple terms reinforcement is a reward 281. The reinforcement is there to increase the chances for an specific action to be repeated each time the certain stimulus is provided. However, reinforcement can also be utilized…
National Institute of Drug Abuse. (2012). The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics…
Operant conditioning refers to an individual or an animal learning through rewards and punishment. Research was carried out in 1983 by Skinner who carried…
Operant conditioning focuses on using either reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behavior.…
Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs. Because you associated the dog with pain, and the pain caused you to have anxiety, therefore you brain associated seeing a dog with feelings of anxiety. Same thing applies to getting a text message. Let’s say you’re sitting around doing nothing an all of the sudden your phone vibrates. You’ll probably go and check to see what message you got. This relates to a classical conditioning experiment because you have associated your phone vibrating with getting a message.…
“Operant conditioning is a theory of learning that generally follows “Thorndyke’s Law of Effect”. This law states that behaviors that are positively reinforced will become more likely to occur and behaviors that are negatively reinforced will become less likely to occur.” (Johnson, D. 1999). Skinner referred to operant conditioning as being the way animals learn. In general there are four things that change behaviors: positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment and negative reinforcement.…
If I would be a manager of a large automobile factory, I would be interested in increasing the productivity among all workers. A good tool for this is Operant Conditioning. I would have 3 types of workers: white collar office employees, factory line workers, and quality control employees. I would use different techniques for each type.…
Operant Conditioning is the concept that you can change someone’s behavior by giving them rewards or punishing them. Let’s pretend that you HATE cleaning your room (it’s a big stretch here I am sure). Your parents give you $50 every time you clean your room. Will this change your behavior? Sure, you will have a REALLY clean room. But will this change your feelings about cleaning the room? Probably not, you may clean it more, but you will not enjoy it any more than before you received the money.…