psychology
6.3
• respondent behavior: behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (in CC)
• operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
➢ operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
6.3.1
• law of effect: Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
• operant chamber: in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
• shaping: an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
➢ Shaping can also help us understand what nonverbal organisms perceive
• discriminative stimulus: in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
• reinforcer: in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
• positive reinforcement: increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
• negative reinforcement: increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
• Whether it works by reducing something aversive, or by giving something desirable, reinforcement is any consequence that strengthens behavior
• primary reinforcer: an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
•
• respondent behavior: behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (in CC)
• operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
➢ operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
6.3.1
• law of effect: Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
• operant chamber: in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
• shaping: an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
➢ Shaping can also help us understand what nonverbal organisms perceive
• discriminative stimulus: in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
• reinforcer: in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
• positive reinforcement: increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
• negative reinforcement: increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
• Whether it works by reducing something aversive, or by giving something desirable, reinforcement is any consequence that strengthens behavior
• primary reinforcer: an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
•