Social Psychology Vocab And Notes

Social Psychology – The study of how we think about influence and relate to one another
Attribution Theory – explains someone behavior by crediting the situation or person’s disposition
Fundamental Attribution Error – observers under estimate the situation or overestimate the person’s disposition
Defensive Attribution - More responsibility will be attributed to the harm-doer as the outcome becomes more severe, and as personal or situational similarity to the victim increases.
Attitudes – Feelings often influence by beliefs
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon – Something begins small and escalates from there
Role – a position
Cognitive Dissonance – If you believe you will achieve
Conformity – to go towards what others are doing
Informative vs. Normative social influence - conformity that occurs because of the desire to be correct versus conformity that occurs because of the desire to be liked and accepted
Social Facilitation - The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks when in the presence of other people.
Social Loafing - the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.
Deindividuation - is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the losing of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention
Diffusion of Responsibility - a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.
Group Polarization - the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
Groupthink - that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
Self-fulfilling prophecy - a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

Stereotype - a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Prejudice - preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
Discrimination - is action that denies social participation or human rights to categories of people based on prejudice.
Racism - the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.
Ingroup bias - a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways.
Scapegoat theory – The theory the in jackpot seven otk scapegoat is good because you get four of them as opposed to hippo carnival
Social Trap - a term used by psychologists to describe a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole. Examples of social traps include overfishing, energy "brownout" and "blackout" power outages during periods of extreme temperatures, the overgrazing of cattle on the Sahelian Desert, and the destruction of the rainforest by logging interests and agriculture.
Self-serving bias - any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem.
Bystander Effect - a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present.
Social exchange theory - a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties.
GRIT - non-cognitive trait based on an individual's passion for a particular long-term goal or endstate, coupled with a powerful motivation to achieve their respective objective.
Superordinate goals - are where two or more people or groups must be involved to achieve a specific goal.
Altruism - the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Aggression - hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront.
Frustration-aggression principle - theory says that aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to attain a goal.
Mere exposure effect - a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
Equity - this is a situation in which people receive in proportion to what they give to the relationship.
Self-disclosure - a process of communication through which one person reveals himself or herself to another.
Just-world phenomenon - is the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, to the end of all noble actions being eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished.
Reciprocity norm & social responsibility norm – People will help people who help them and People will help those dependent on them
Truth wins – The true thing wins
Majority wins – The majority has the advantage
First shift rule - In this method first of all, the participants are divided according to what they want. And if one of the members of either of the groups changes his mind the decision is made according to that.
Conflict – Differences between 2 people or beliefs

Fundamental Attribution Error - Lee Cobb said that if the boy screamed out loud, “I’ll kill ya” he must have really meant he was gonna kill his father, and so this was good evidence that he did it. However, Henry Fonda later insulted Lee Cobb by calling him a sadist. Cobb got mad and said: “I’m gonna kill ya.” But he didn’t really mean it. Thus, when Cobb said it, it was just the situation that elicited this expression, but when the boy said it, it was an indication of his murderous rage.