Preview

The Theory Of Planned Behavior Case Study

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
1495 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
The Theory Of Planned Behavior Case Study
Due to the high prevalence of stress and stressors many individuals flock to the aid of health risk behaviours in an attempt to reduce or counteract the effects of stress. The Theory of Planned Behaviour can be used to reduce the impact of stress on physical health. This essay will attempt to highlight the various causes of psychosocial stress and the adverse effects that it has on one’s health. Self-indulgence will be discussed in the context of coping with stress. The relationship between stress and physical health will be analysed as well as the link between stress and health risk behaviours. The Theory of Planned Behaviour can be used to illustrate the relationship between stress and health risk behaviours. The definition of stress will …show more content…
Coping refers to ‘active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress” (Weiten, 2014, p.564). Health risk behaviours are often sought out as a maladaptive coping strategy utilized by individuals as a means to counteract the effect of stressors. This is known as ‘self-indulgence’ (Tice, Bratslavsky, & Baumeister, 2011). The Theory of Planned Behaviour can be used to illustrate why individuals smoke, knowing that there is no empirical evidence to suggest that smoking relieves stress or has any health benefits. It emphasises that smoking is determined by the perceptions of the individual. Studies have that an increase in stress causes an increase in smoking (McClernon & Gilbert, 2007). Initially smoking is utilized as a short-term coping strategy for dealing with stress but for many individuals, it becomes a habit and becomes integrated in their lifestyles. Smoking becomes second nature and even ritualistic to many individuals. When one associates smoking to another activity, Pavlovian reflexes are essentially created. An example of this is when students associate smoking with a ‘study break’. They are compelled to reach for their cigarettes whenever they need to ‘de-stress’ and view it is a recreational activity that forms an essential part of their daily routine. Smoking is an established carcinogen that causes serious damage to the lungs and inevitably lung …show more content…
It can be applied to manage stress and its impact on health. It has been established that the behavioural intentions if an individual depends on the multiple subcomponents. If the intentions of an individual to elicit a behaviour determines the occurrence of said behaviour, then the behavioural intentions of the individual must be analysed in order to demonstrate the management of stress and its effect on health. The first component being the attitude of the individual towards the behaviour. An individual’s attitude with regards to smoking is predicated on the positive and negative aspects related to it. Therefore, the attitude of the individual must be altered in order minimise the elicitation of the health risk behaviour. By altering the attitude of an individual one can inadvertently alter the behavioural intentions of said individual thus reducing the elicitation of the health risk behaviour. One needs to reduce their dependency on behaviours such as smoking and aggression as coping mechanisms. Many smoking cessation programmes have been implemented to modify the attitudes of people who smoke. However, many smokers believe that there is an element of redundancy with regards to cessation as they view the damage as permanent and so continue to smoke with complete disregard to the consequences, this directly correlates with the attitude of the

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    Planned Behavior Theory

    • 318 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Another study that explores a different dynamic of the Theory of Planned Behavior is Brouwer and Mosack’s study called “Expanding the theory of planned behavior to predict healthy eating behaviors: Exploring a healthy eater identity” (2014). Brouwer and Mosack’s approach tested the efficiency of healthy eating behaviors by looking at an individual’s healthy eater identity, which is one’s personal meaning of what he or she believes is healthy and how to carry it out (2014). This quantitative study design, which was approved by the university’s institutional review board, consisted of 79 adult women that varied in ethnicity, age (ranged from 18-53 years old), relationship status, and dietary habits (excluding women with a history of eating disorders…

    • 318 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Qlt1 Task 1

    • 1236 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Stress has been defined as ‘the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure or other types of demand placed on them’. (Finlay et al., 2010 page 141). It can affect everyone at some stage and is part of everyday life. Whilst moderate stress can help people react more quickly ‘prolonged or excessive levels give people no time to recover their strength, and this can lead to exhaustion, depression and physical illness.’ (Finlay et al., 2010 page 142). There are many factors that may contribute to stress and a variety of interventions that can tackle it. This essay is primarily concerned with debating the effectiveness of a stress management course as an intervention, and for illustration, I will be referring to the…

    • 1236 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    - Developing alternative rewards is common in response to stress which leads to unhealthy habits such as smoking, overeating and gambling (p. 108).…

    • 758 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Transtheoretical Model

    • 1715 Words
    • 7 Pages

    This model is also referred to as the Stages of Change Model. In this model behaviour change is viewed as a process which concentrates on the individual 's readiness to change. The difference with this specific model is that it is a cyclical process. Client 's often drop out of the interventions but may later re-enter where they left off or alternatively return to the initial stages. According to this model the are 5 stages of change: Pre-contemplation - not thinking about changing behaviour, Contemplation - thinking about changing behaviour in the near future, decision - making a plan to change behaviour, Maintenance - continuation of behaviour change. This model is most commonly associated with secondary prevention such as smoking, alcoholism, drugs abuse. Exercise and dietary change (Butler 2001). The third and final model the author is going to look at is the Diagram of Reasoned Action (Appendix 1) which interlinks with the diagram of theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Appendix 2). The above models consist of attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, intention and behaviour but the TBP also includes perceived behavioural control. The purpose of both of these frameworks is not to study behaviour itself but to study attitudes towards behaviours. These models are most commonly associated with primary and tertiary preventions, primary preventions such as immunisation, contraception and nutrition, tertiary preventions such as smoking cessation, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) Auto Immune Disease Syndrome (AIDS) (Cottrell, 2002). In the United Kingdom (UK) approximately 1 in 12 women will develop breast cancer at some time in their lives. There are 25,000 new cases and 15,000 deaths due to breast cancer annually; approximately one percent of breast cancer incidence occurs in men. The main risk factors associated with breast cancer are as follows:…

    • 1715 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Stress is a condition that most of us have experienced throughout our lives and in the main it is a positive emotion and it can help us to become motivated reaching our potential positively and productively. However, stress can also manifest itself in a negative and weakening way whereby the individual becomes overwhelmed and the balance that would normally achieve positive behaviours and actions becomes skewed - the very opposite can happen - where we are affected in a debilitating way, unable to cope with day to day actions and demands. (Module 5 notes)…

    • 2396 Words
    • 10 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Four Health Theories

    • 1024 Words
    • 5 Pages

    (Glanz, Rimer & Viswanath, 2008, p.68) A study conducted looked at “84 smokers attending health promotion clinics in a primary care setting completed questionnaires that assessed the main constructs of the theory of planned behavior, perceived susceptibility, and past cessation attempts. The Theory of Planned Behavior model was used and found results that suggest that interventions should focus on perceptions of susceptibility and control to increase smokers' motivation to quit. (NIH,…

    • 1024 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Today smoking is one of the hardest habits to break; yet to this day millions of people still smoke. If you look on all tobacco products it says right on there “caution may cause cancer or tooth loss”. So why do they start smoking in the first place? Is it because they are addicted to it or is it because people don’t know what they’re doing to their body? Even though people may find smoking relaxing, it is life threatening not only to themselves but others around them.…

    • 778 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Cycle Of Change Model

    • 398 Words
    • 2 Pages

    The cycle of change model, developed by Prochaska and DiClemente, has six stages that an individual can expect to go through when changing their behaviours. Precontemplation; where an individual is unaware that a problem exists. There is no intention to change their behaviour. The aim here for a professional using this model, is to help the client to start thinking about his or her health issue such as smoking, so they simply ask a few questions such as, ‘Have you thought about quitting smoking?’. The contemplation stage is where the individual becomes aware that there is a problem surrounding their behaviour but they still have made no commitment to change. This is when the client may be ready to ask some questions and these are commonly,…

    • 398 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Best Essays

    The behaviour modified for this self-directed behaviour change project is smoking. Smoking was selected as the behaviour I wish to change because it is known that tobacco use is the leading cause of premature, preventable death and disease (Edwards, Bondy, Callaghan, & Mann, 2014). Smoking is a behaviour that has been recently initiated; I started smoking occasionally in August 2013 (one cigarette a few times a week) and intended to buy only the one pack. However over a period of several months, my smoking has increased. The rationale for this choosing this target behaviour is that it is still a relatively new behaviour and is likely to become more difficult to extinguish over time.…

    • 3166 Words
    • 12 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    The biological approach of addiction to smoking suggests that the initiation smoking behaviour is a result of the common reward pathway. When a cigarette is smoked the nicotine acts like acetylcholine and stimulates acetylcholine receptors in the brain – in turn the neural pathways are activated. Special neurons in the reward pathway releases dopamine from the Ventral-tegmental area which gives a sense of pleasure in the nucleus accumbens. It does this by connecting to regions of the brain that control memory and behaviour such as the pre-frontal cortex. This increases the likelihood of repeating the behaviour. This approach is supported by empirical research and can be tested scientifically e.g. by scanning brains of addicts when they smoke we can see the reward pathways in the brain that are activated as a result. The maintenance of smoking can also be explained through the VTA. The VTA sends neurons projections into the medial forebrain connecting the NA, amygdala and Pre-frontal cortex. Stimulation of these areas collectively produces pleasure and reinforcement of that behaviour- Making it more likely for a person to continue smoking. However this approach to smoking addiction is reductionist, since it attempts to explain a complex addiction by reducing it down to smaller parts e.g. explains it in terms of chemical dopamine activity when other factors such as stress may be an explanation of maintenance. However by regarding smoking addiction as a biological problem it creates the possibility it can be treated by various pharmacological methods. Relapse can also be explained by genetics, Xian et al carried out a twin study to test whether genetic factors contributes to failed attempts to quit. They found 54% of the risk for quit failures could be attributed to heritability. However there are methodological problems when it comes to twin studies such a small samples, this means there is low reliability.…

    • 307 Words
    • 1 Page
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    health and social

    • 406 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Attempts have been made to develop theories and models of human behaviour. These attempt to isolate controlling factors, processes or causes of behaviour and tend to originate from psychological and sociological thinking. There are many ways in which human behaviour can be defined due to the various theories put forward. These theories can be seen to place a greater or less severe impact via external factors such as society, media and so on. Although each theory tends to refer to behaviour as a possible outcome of influences decided by the individual themselves. From this, individual behaviour is referred to as seen as an ongoing process or on the other hand is seen to be broken down into discrete stages, however it is important to take into account that both are important when adopting a behaviour change. Stage models can be seen to relate to this, as they are particularly useful for understanding the many factors which may influence an individual’s choices well as behaviour at different points of their journey towards adopting a new behaviour. Whereas, other behaviour theories often focus upon the behaviour adopted, or between the relationship of the behaviour. As a result these theories focus on behaviour and class them as causes of change. In terms of health promotion, these theories or models of behaviour are often used in order to encourage individuals to adopt a more positive behaviour change which may be seen to be more beneficial in regards to their overall…

    • 406 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Smoking Persuasive Essay

    • 463 Words
    • 2 Pages

    The health consequences of smoking have become evident since early 1960s and numerous techniques to help smokers to become non-smokers have developed. Smoking is the largest preventable cause of cancer, and is responsible for more cancer deaths in Australia. It is also directly responsible for many heart and lung diseases. Smoking has effects on the smoker, as well as those around them. Changing health-risk behaviour has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality and enhance a better quality of life. This essay aims to describe theories and models that are effective interventions to help the cessation of smoking, and relapses. Most of the mortality and morbidity is caused by individual behavioural lifestyle, smoking, alcohol and recreational drugs. The theories I am going to discuss are The Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Trans theoretical Model changes. Also this assignment will…

    • 463 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Before beginning my analysis of my smoking habits, I recorded the number of cigarettes smoked on a daily basis. On an average day I smoked 4-5 cigarettes. By establishing my baseline performance on a typical week, I set out to find the positive reinforcements, which coerced me into smoking. The days that were most prolific in smoking were Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The primary reason for the increase in smoking was due to the social events of that particular evening, which included the occasional alcohol consumption, and companionship of fellow smokers/friends. "Partying" dramatically affected my smoking habit. Undoubtedly my gregarious antics affected my smoking, but the post-sex cigarette also added to the count. By pinpointing these factors, I was able to invent a fixed negative reinforcement schedule to lead me away from smoking and steer me towards a healthier lifestyle.…

    • 548 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    People can start smoking for a variety of reasons. The younger generation are especially vulnerable because of their peers promoting that smoking is cool and 'grown up'. People believe that smoking helps them feel more relaxed and can cope better with stress but the nicotine in the cigarettes, is a stimulant not a relaxant, so it doesn’t help stress at all. The feeling that people are ‘claiming’ to be relaxed is more likely to be relief from their craving or withdrawal symptoms.…

    • 292 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Despite the availability of information about healthier lifestyles, why does there remain a gap in health inequalities between socio-economic classes?…

    • 3254 Words
    • 14 Pages
    Better Essays