THEORY Z
WILLIAM OUCHI : THEORY Z
Realizing there are many valuable lessons to be learned from the Japanese, William Ouchi1 developed a theory, called Theory Z, which attempts to integrate American and Japanese management practices. Theory Z combines the American emphasis on individual responsibility with the Japanese emphasis on collective decision making, slow evaluation and promotion, holistic concern for employees. Other factors recommended by Ouchi, such as length of employment and career path characteristics, represent comprises between traditional American and Japanese practices.
1- Long-term employment
2- Consensual, participate decision making
3- Individual responsibility
4- Slow evaluation and promotion
5- Implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized measures
6- Moderately specialized career path
7-Holistic concern, including family
Another theory which has emerged, and deals with the way in which workers are perceived by managers, as well as how managers are perceived by workers, is William Ouchi's "Theory Z". Often referred to as the "Japanese" management style, Theory Z offers the notion of a hybrid management style which is a combination of a strict American management style (Theory A) and a strict Japanese management style (Theory J). This theory speaks of an organisational culture which mirrors the Japanese culture in which workers are more participative, and capable of performing many and varied tasks. Theory Z emphasises things such as job rotation, broadening of skills, generalisation versus specialisation, and the need for continuous training of worker.
Ouchi's Theory Z makes certain assumptions about workers. Some of the assumptions about workers under this theory include the notion that workers tend to want to build co-operative and intimate working relationships with those that they work for and with, as well as the people that work for them. Also, Theory Z workers have a high need to be supported by the company, and highly value a working
Realizing there are many valuable lessons to be learned from the Japanese, William Ouchi1 developed a theory, called Theory Z, which attempts to integrate American and Japanese management practices. Theory Z combines the American emphasis on individual responsibility with the Japanese emphasis on collective decision making, slow evaluation and promotion, holistic concern for employees. Other factors recommended by Ouchi, such as length of employment and career path characteristics, represent comprises between traditional American and Japanese practices.
1- Long-term employment
2- Consensual, participate decision making
3- Individual responsibility
4- Slow evaluation and promotion
5- Implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized measures
6- Moderately specialized career path
7-Holistic concern, including family
Another theory which has emerged, and deals with the way in which workers are perceived by managers, as well as how managers are perceived by workers, is William Ouchi's "Theory Z". Often referred to as the "Japanese" management style, Theory Z offers the notion of a hybrid management style which is a combination of a strict American management style (Theory A) and a strict Japanese management style (Theory J). This theory speaks of an organisational culture which mirrors the Japanese culture in which workers are more participative, and capable of performing many and varied tasks. Theory Z emphasises things such as job rotation, broadening of skills, generalisation versus specialisation, and the need for continuous training of worker.
Ouchi's Theory Z makes certain assumptions about workers. Some of the assumptions about workers under this theory include the notion that workers tend to want to build co-operative and intimate working relationships with those that they work for and with, as well as the people that work for them. Also, Theory Z workers have a high need to be supported by the company, and highly value a working