Work and non-work relation

Work and non-work relation
Nowadays balancing between work and non-work life has become one of the major social and family concerns. It has been found that, working stress or family conflict may have negative impact on employee work performance and productivity (Pleck et al., 1980). The main objective of this essay is to find the prevalence of the role conflicts in work and non-work domain and probable influences of this on the family, society and the organizations at large. The discussion will start with a clear understanding of work and non-work issues. Spillover cost-benefit in work and non-work relationship will then be critically evaluated. Next, a critical evaluation on the threefold typology (extension, opposition, neutrality) of work non-work relationship shall be presented. For the better understanding of the work-leisure relationship, work load and technological impact on leisure shall be described with critiques and evidences by several writers. Then, work-life balance, with the role of women in workplace will be discussed. Next, Complexity of relationships, mutual interference between family and work shall follow the discussion. Finally, a need for supporting home-work culture shall be evaluated. Work life stresses of extra working hour or workloads may affect the non-work life, for example, family life could be vulnerable due to the work life stress. Mageni and Slabbert (2005) asserted that, the sensitivity of WFC is related to individual’s value system. Social support at work may help to reduce the work-family imbalance and all other negative outcomes of WFC (Markset al., 2001).
Work issues can be defined as contractual hours of service to the organization and unpaid and irregular tasks (e.g., unplanned journey time employed to the job) that earn a living within a social and economical context (Watson, 2012). Non-work issues can be termed as family and home life with free time for leisure that provides pleasure and is not a part of one’s business

References: Amaral SCF (2008) “Public leisure policies in Porto Alegre, Brazil: From representative democracy to participant Democracy”. World Leisure Journal 50(2): 127–37. Bittman M, Wajcman J (1999), The rush hour: The quality of leisure time and gender equity. SPRC Discussion Paper 97, University of New South Wales. Bruck, C.S., and Sutton, M., (2000), “Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research”. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278-308. Deem R (1986), “All Work and No Play?” Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Endsley Mica R. and Kaber David B. (1999), Level of automation effects on performance. Geurts, S.A.E., and Kompier, M. (2004). Positive and Negative work-home interaction. Equal Opportunities International, 23(1), 6-35. Greenhaus, J.H., and Beutell, N.J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88. Grzywacz, J.G., and Bass, B.L. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work–family fit. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 248–262. Grzywacz, J.G., Almeida, D.M., and McDonald, D.A. (2002). Work-family spillover and daily reports of work and family stress in the adult labor force. Family Relations, 51, 28-36. Guest, D.E. (2001, March). Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Discussion paper for the 2001 ENOP Symposium, Paris. Gutek, B.A., Searle, S., and Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560- 568. Illness in 2001/02: results from a Household Survey. Sudbury: HSE Books. Issue 03. Jain R (2007) Access to leisure: Impact of forces of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on socially disadvantaged groups in India. World Leisure Journal 49(1): 15–23. Jex, S.M. (1998). Stress and job performance: Theory, research and implication for managerial practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., Donald, I., Taylor, P., and Millet, C. (2005). The experience of work-related stress across occupations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(2), 178-187. Jones J. R., Huxtable C. S., Hodgson T., and Price, M. J. (2003). Self-reported Work-related Keene, J.R., and Reynolds, J.R Kirchmeyer, C., and Cohen, A. (1999). Different strategies for managing the work/non-work interface: A test for unique pathways to work outcomes. Work and Stress, 13, 59-73. Kirrane, M., and Buckley, F. (2004). The Influence of support relationships on work-family conflict: differentiating emotional from instrumental support. Equal Opportunities International, 23(2), 78-96. Lobel, S.A., and St. Clair, L. (1992). Effects of family responsibilities, gender, and career identity salience on performance outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 1057–1069. Mageni, G.F., and Slabbert, A.D. (2005). Meeting the challenge of the work-life balance in the South African workplace. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 8(4), 393–401. Marks, S.R., Huston, T.L., Johnson, E.M., and MacDermid, S.M. (2001). Role balance among white married couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1083-1098. McDonald, P., Guthrie, D., Bradley, L., and Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2005), Investigating Work-family policy aims and employees experience, Employee Relations, 27(5), 478-494. Murphy, S. L. Sauter, (2003) “Occupational Stress Issues and Development in Research”. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Peeters, M.C.W., Montgomery, A.J., Bakker, A.B., and Schaufeli, W.B. (2005) Balancing Work and Home: How Job and Home Demands Are Related to Burnout International Pieterse, M., and Mostert, K. (2005). Measuring the work-home interface: Validation of the Survey Work-Home Interaction- Nijmegen (SWING) Instrument. Management Dynamics, 14(2), 2–15. Pleck, J.H., Staines, G.L., and Lang, L. (1980). Conflict between work and family life. Monthly Labor Review, 103, 29-32. Poelmans, S.A.Y. (2005). Work and family: An international research perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Rees, D.W. (1995). Work-related stress in health service employees. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 10(3), 4–11. Rothbard, N.P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655–684. Rothmann, S., Mostert, K., and Strydom, M. (2006). A Psychometric evaluation of the job demands-resources scale in South Africa. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(4), 76-86. Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., Panzer, K., and King, S.N. (2002). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 369–386. situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task, Ergonomics Journal, Vol. 42, Watson (2012), “The Dynamics of Social Practice”, Everyday life and how it changes, Sage publication limited, pp 45-47 Williams (2007), “Interventions and Support for Parents and Carers of Children and Young People of Autism Spectrum”, A resource for trainers, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp. 87-88.