or mg CaCO3/L solution. According to the American Water Works Association‚ ideal water quality has no more than 80 mg CaCO3/L solution. The ions involved can be determined by method of titration with EDTA. EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)‚ is a weak acid which can form soluble complexes with magnesium and calcium in its ionized form (so neither of them have free ions in solution). The endpoint of the titration can be determined using Eriochrome Black T which initially forms a complex
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comparison. The initial pH of the flat sprite was higher because had bubbled out and when dissolves in the sprite‚ it makes . Therefore‚ controls the pH by introducing extra into the solution. However‚ this is not the primary acid in sprite. The primary acid is . ‚ which is found in sprite‚ buffers the solution. Therefore‚ Sprite is a buffer. The titration removes all including those produced by and . Therefore‚ at the neutralization point‚ there are no remaining. We would expect
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solution is known as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. For example‚ vinegar is a solution of acetic acid‚ the solute‚ in water‚ the solvent. A buffer solution is one which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it. An acidic buffer solution is simply one which has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts often sodium salt. An alkaline buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Alkaline buffer
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Buffers CALCULATIONS Table A. pH Measurement using pH meter Calculated pH Solution 1 – HoAc 0.10 M CH3COOH CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO- + H3O+ i 0.10 ø ø c -x +x +x e 0.10 – x x x Ka = H3O+[CH3COO-]CH3COOH = x20.10 – x = 1.8 x 10-5 x = 1.33 x 10-3 M pH = -log [1.33 x 10-3] pH = 2.88 Solution 2 – HoAc – OAc
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Citric acid is used mainly for home use‚ for getting rid of lime scale (kettles‚ baths‚ toilets)‚ in hard water areas. Citric acid is a weak acid found in fruits such as lemons and oranges. Like other acids‚ citric acid can help you remove stains and rust deposits from toilet bowls without causing any damage to the porcelain surface. Citric acid contains just enough acidic concentration to get the job done without etching or damaging household surfaces in any way. It doesn’t harm the environment
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jellies‚ soft drinks‚ pickles‚ condiments etc and in tinned products in the market. This experiment aimed to determine whether benzoic acid is formed from it’s superior soluble form sodium benzoate in stomach acid‚ which is simulated by HCl (pH=2). It has been seen that at a low optimum pH‚ i.e. in the presence of sufficient hydrochloric acid‚ sufficient benzoic acid is yielded. The percentage yield is determined from the calculations of the theoretical (stoichiometric) calculations and the actual
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describe some everyday uses of indicators including the testing of soil acidity/basicity. • Indicators are used regularly in chemical laboratories during chemical reactions. One important use is to determine the end point of a titration when an acid reacts with an alkali. The reactants and products of such a reaction are colourless so an indicator is a useful way to visually determine when the reaction is complete. Chemists also need to monitor how acidic or alkaline waste solutions from industries
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INTRODUCTION Differences between acids and bases An acid-base reaction is based on the reaction involving the ionization of water H2O -> H+ + OH- This means that water can break apart into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion. These two ions can also join together to form a water molecule. When a strong acid is placed in water‚ it will ionize completely‚ and break down into its constituent ions in which one of it a hydrogen ion. When a strong base is placed in water‚ it will ionize
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Acid-Base Titration Curves INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES The CCLI Initiative Learning Objectives to understand the titration curves for the following solutions • a weak acid: acetic acid‚ CH3COOH. • • • • • a strong acid: hydrochloric acid‚ HCl. an acidic commercial cleanser. a basic commercial cleanser. to use the titration curves to calculate the percent of the active ingredients in the commercial cleansers. to determine the Ka of a weak acid. Procedure Overview • • • • after calibration of the pH
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is "resistant" to small additions of either a strong acid or strong base. Buffers usually consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base‚ in relatively equal and "large" quantities. A buffer system can be made by mixing a soluble compound that contains the conjugate base with a solution of the acid such as sodium acetate with acetic acid or ammonia with ammonium chloride. The buffer capacity refers to the maximum amount of either strong acid or strong base that can be added before a significant
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