* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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Introduction The objective of this experiment is to identify if the 12 provided solutions contain starch‚ glycogen‚ reducing sugars or proteins. The four major biological macromolecules are carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins and nucleic acids. Abundant elements in the world such as carbon and nitrogen bond in different ways to form many different molecules. The functional groups are what determine their characteristics. During the experiment‚ there will be 3 test. The iodine test is completed to
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Salicylic Acid Salicylic acid(C7H6O3) is the other reactant that makes up ASA. It is an organic compound that is apart of the carboxyl group. This group contains acids called carboxylic acids which are general weak. Carboxylic acids are aldehydes that have been oxidized‚ aldehydes are oxidized alcohols. The double bonded O attached to the OH (or COOH) as a substituent in an organic molecule indicates a carboxylic acid. And as stated earlier‚ salicylic acid is derived from metabolized salicin. Acetic Anhydride
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The experimental melting point range of the desired alkene product‚ trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene‚ was found to be 132-134 ˚C‚ in comparison to the literature value melting point range of 130-132˚C‚1 it was slightly higher than expected. Overall‚ the experimental melting point range varied from the initial melting point temperature and maximum melting point temperature by 2˚C. As the experimental melting point had a small range of temperature variance and was above that of the literature value
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fructose which is found in milk and galactose which is found in honey. Both pentoses and hexoses are mostly found in monosaccharides. They are the most simplest sugar which cannot be futher hydrolysed into smaller units. They contain either an aldehyde group or ketone group. They can de used to make polysaccharides‚ although only one type of monosaccharides is used in each type of monosaccharides. They have two types of linkage‚ that is 1‚4 and 1‚6 glycosidic bonds that are common between
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Identify structures that are products of the following reactions: a. Grignard reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions d. Reduction of aldehydes and reagents used for that reaction. e. Fischer esterification including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. f. Reaction of acid chlorides to produce alcohols. g. Reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines to produce amides
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Carbon and Its Compounds Carbon: Introduction Atomic Number: 6 Electronic Configuration: 2‚ 4. Valence electrons: 4 Property: Non-metal Abundance:- Carbon is the 4th most abundant substance in universe and 15th most abundant substance in the earth’s crust. Compounds having carbon atoms among the components are known as carbon compounds. Previously‚ carbon compounds could only be obtained from a living source; hence they are also known as organic compounds. Bonding In Carbon:- The Covalent
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TEST | REAGENTS | PROCEDURE | RATIONALE/PRINCIPLE | POSITIVE REACTION | PHENYLHYDRAZINE | phenylhydrazine | | The aldehyde groups of simple carbohydrates will react with phenylhydrazine but instead of yielding typical phenylhydrazones they make what is termed osazones where the OH group immediately adjacent to the keto group is oxidized to a keto group and it too adds phenylhydrazine to form the yellow to pale orange osazones that have definite melting points. So assignment of presumptive identity
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i.e. Cx(H2O)y‚ although this ratio is often not strictly true and occasionally other atoms may be present. The carbons are arranges in a chain (most often 5-6 atoms) functionalized with alcohol groups. The terminal carbon either carries either an aldehyde or a ketone functional group. Carbohydrates are classified based on size of base carbon chain‚ number of sugar units‚ location of C=O and stereochemistry. Classifications of carbohydrate are monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ oligosaccharides‚ and polysaccharides
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presence of aldehyde or keto groups in the sugars. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because the aldehyde group of glucose is linked to the keto group of fructose and loses its reducing ability. The Benedict’s test is used as it allows the detection of the presence of reducing sugars. All monosaccharaides and some disaccharides which have exposed carbonyl groups will react with Benedict’s solution‚ whereas other disaccharides will not react with Benedict’s solution. The electrons from the aldehyde or ketone
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