Carbohydrates are macromolecules whose basic units are called monosaccharides (or simple sugars). These simple sugars are polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldoses) or ketones (ketoses)‚ depending on the chemical nature of their carbonyl group‚ containing at least three carbon atoms. The smallest monosaccharides with only three carbon atoms are collectively known as trioses; while those with four‚ five‚ six‚ and so on carbon atoms are called tetroses‚ pentoses‚ hexoses and so on‚ respectively. Carbohydrates
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However‚ carbohydrates are not true hydrates in the chemical sense. Carbohydrates‚ chemically‚ are polyhydroxy aldehydes (-CHO) or ketones (C=O) or compounds which upon hydrolysis yield these compounds. Note that each carbon in a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone structure‚ except for the carbonyl functional group (in yellow)‚ bears a hydroxyl (OH) functional group (in green). Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones with the same number of carbons are structural isomers of each other. CH. Generally‚ Carbohydrates
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Preparation and purification of acetylsalicylic acid Results and Data treatment (A) Preparation of aspirin i) Details about the reactants Reaction of the acetylation of salicylic acid is following From the balanced reaction above‚ it can be seen that the stoichiometry between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride is 1: 1. In this experiment‚ 21.7mmol of salicylic acid was used to react 6.0mL of acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was limiting reagent. The expected amount of salicylic
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Methanol is a primary alcohol because it is bonded with one alkyl group‚ so it means that it can be oxidized to either aldehydes or carboxylic acids‚ depending on the reaction condition‚ but in this reaction formaldehyde is formed which is an aldehyde. The reaction (see Figure 2) forms an aldehyde because the used an excess of the alcohol‚ this means that there is not enough oxidizing agent present. CH3OH + [O] ==> HCHO + H2O Figure 2 Dehydration
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Borneol; An Oxidation-Reduction Scheme Nicolas Gibson Lab Time: Tuesday 11:30 am Abstract: In this experiment‚ the main objective was to synthesize a ketone from borneol via an oxidation reaction and secondly‚ to produce a secondary alcohol from camphor via a reduction reaction. Therefore‚ the hypothesis of this lab is that camphor will be produced in the oxidation reaction and isoborneol will be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the oxidation
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Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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UNIVERSITY OF THE GAMBIA LECTURE NOTES COURSE: PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY II (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) CODE: CHM 161 2ND SEMESTER SESSION: 2012/2013 LECTURER: ANTHONY F. ADJIVON UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION Organic chemistry started as the chemistry of life‚ when that was thought to be different from the chemistry in the laboratory. Then it became the chemistry of carbon compounds‚ especially those found in coal. Now it is both. It is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon along with other elements
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A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen‚ usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words‚ with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ oligosaccharides‚ and polysaccharides. In general‚ the monosaccharides and disaccharides‚ which are smaller (lower molecular weight) carbohydrates‚ are commonly referred to as sugars.
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silylether and PhCO_2 H are both catalysts used so that the reaction will continue and result in an acyclonucleoside. This reaction proved that the 1‚4-addition is the preferable addition of the Michael addition reaction of alpha‚ beta-unsaturated aldehydes when nucleophiles are catalyzed by diphenylprolinol silyl ether. This addition gives the product high enantioselectivity. When the conditions of this reaction were researched‚ it was determined that if the catalyst had bulky substituents‚ the product
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intermediate to synthesize halide‚ alkene‚ ether‚ aldehyde and ketone etc. In laboratory‚ an important method of synthesizing alcohol is though the addition reaction of Gridnard reagent and carbonyl compound‚ whereas aldehyde is the most reactive and then to ketone or ester. Primary alcohol is produced through reaction between Gridnard reagent and formaldehyde or ethylene oxide or alcohol halide; secondary alcohol is produced using Gridnard reagent and aldehyde or carboxylate; while tertiary alcohol is produced
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