D1: Pharmaceutical drugs D.1.1 List the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body. Drug or medicine is a substance that does one or more of the following: Alters physiological state – consciousness‚ activity level‚ coordination Alters incoming sensory experience Alters mood or emotion The active ingredients in drugs and medicines can be isolated from a plants and animals or synthesized artificially. Drugs supposed to assist human body’s
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reactions graphically: Enthalpy change is represented by the symbol ∆H. (∆ is ‘the change in’ the ‘H’ is for enthalpy) The unit for enthalpy change is measured in Kilojoules per mole. For example if an alkane has a combustion enthalpy change of +296Kjmol-1 then the alkane takes in 296kJ of energy‚ from its surroundings‚ for every mole that is burnt. Enthalpy changes can easily be measured using equipment in a school laboratory. We can set up an experiment so that energy is transferred
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The purpose of this experiment was to successfully produce stilbene dibromide by using a more sustainable approach‚ which would prevent less environmental issues. This was done by brominating trans-stilbene and then using the elimination process on the dibrominated product. This process is considered “greener” compared to the original bromination procedures. In order to create the alkyl halides‚ which are able to undergo chemical transformations more readily than the carbon-carbon double bond‚ onto
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of molecules. Caffeine had already existed in the leaf itself but needed to be separated from the other chemicals. Caffeine’s chemical structure is relatively similar to the nucleic acid purine in that they use nitrogen and is bicyclic but lacks an alkene‚ amine and an amide. Caffeine has a solubility of 67.0 g/100 mL in boiling water but tannins also boil in hot water to form catechin. Catechin cannot react with water but it can with calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate was added into the reflux
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Discussion The reaction through which 4-mrthaoxyacetophenone is converted to 4-methoxybenzoic acid is a haloform reaction. This reaction involves two distinct stages that occur in the same environment. The first stage occurs through the based-catalyzed halogenation of the ketone that forms a trihalo ketone. First‚ the bleach is transformed into chlorine and hydroxide ions through the following reaction: Then‚ the hydroxyl is able to attack the rather acidic (pKa ~ 20) α-hydrogen of the ketone
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alpha carbon anion on the carbonyl carbon on the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. Next‚ is the protonation of the oxygen from the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde‚ which is then followed by an elimination reaction where this acts as a leaving group. The product is the trans-alkene present in the product. Figure 2: Mechanism
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2012) In the first step‚ the mixture of water‚ concentrated sulphuric acid‚ and cyclohexene was shaken vigorously until it became a homogenous solution. Followed by‚ the addition of water‚ and the distillation process lead to the hydrolysis of the alkene. Finally‚ addition of diethyl ether to the mixture then distillation took place to be purified and to obtain the final product‚ cyclohexanol (McFadden‚ 2012). Diethyl ether was used to extract alcohol from salt-water mixture because diethyl ethers
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TITLE: EFFECT OF DEEP FAT FRYING ON OIL QUALITY AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF POTATO CHIPS/ CHICKEN NUGGETS ABSTRACT: RBD Palm olein oil is a type of vegetable oils with the ratio of saturation to unsaturation 40%: 60%. Soybean oil is another type of vegetable oils with the ratio of saturation to unsaturation 20%: 80%. In addition to the chemical alterations that occur during frying‚ changes in the oil’s physical and thermal properties‚ such as surface tension‚ viscosity‚ density‚ specific
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Functional Group Analysis: Carbonyl Compounds‚ Oxidizable Carbonyl Compounds and Acidic Compounds Christian Paul L. Ramos Institute of Chemistry‚ University of the Philippines‚ Diliman‚ Quezon City 1101 Philippines Date Performed: August 24‚ 2012; Date Submitted: September 19‚ 2012 Results and Discussion Aldehydes and ketones both contain the carbonyl group – a group in which a carbon atom has a double bond to oxygen. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is bonded to at least one
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Pheromones: Chemical Messanger Have you ever wonder how does an insect communicate? Unlike other living organisms‚ insects don’t have the ability to speak and communicate. Some insects may even look like they have eyes but they cannot see through them. So how does these insects communicate with each other? Simple‚ they send chemical signals that can easily be detected by other insects of their own kind. These chemicals are called pheromones. These are some examples of insects that contain and
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