Pheromones: Chemical Messanger Have you ever wonder how does an insect communicate? Unlike other living organisms‚ insects don’t have the ability to speak and communicate. Some insects may even look like they have eyes but they cannot see through them. So how does these insects communicate with each other? Simple‚ they send chemical signals that can easily be detected by other insects of their own kind. These chemicals are called pheromones. These are some examples of insects that contain and
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To identify an unknown sample‚ there were several steps that helped determine the molecular structure and the name of the sample. When Belle #9 (unknown) was given to me‚ it’s physical state and color was recorded on the data sheet. Since the sample was a pure liquid‚ there was no need for distillation. Next‚ a solubility test was given. When one drop of the unknown liquid was added to about 2 mL of water‚ the sample was tested to be soluble due to the dissolubility between the two compounds. By
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TITLE: EFFECT OF DEEP FAT FRYING ON OIL QUALITY AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF POTATO CHIPS/ CHICKEN NUGGETS ABSTRACT: RBD Palm olein oil is a type of vegetable oils with the ratio of saturation to unsaturation 40%: 60%. Soybean oil is another type of vegetable oils with the ratio of saturation to unsaturation 20%: 80%. In addition to the chemical alterations that occur during frying‚ changes in the oil’s physical and thermal properties‚ such as surface tension‚ viscosity‚ density‚ specific
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temperature around 100C or less. The crude product was collected which contained water‚ 4-methylcyclohexene‚ and trace acid. D. Questions: 1. Outline a mechanism for the dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol catalyzed by phosphoric acid. 2. What major alkene product is produced by the dehydration of the following alcohols? a. Cyclohexanol Cyclohexene b. 1-Methylcyclohexanol methylcyclohexene c. 2-Methylcyclohexanol methylcyclohexne d. 2‚2-dimethylcyclohexanol 1‚2-dimethylcyclohexene 3. Compare
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Chapter 2 The Components of Matter Elements‚ Compounds‚ and Mixtures: An Atomic Overview An element consists of only one kind of atom. An element is one kind of substance – the composition is fixed. Each element is unique because the properties of its atoms are unique. Molecules are structures containing two or more atoms chemically bound together. Diatomic molecules are two-atom molecules such as elemental oxygen. A compound is a type of matter in which two or more different elements are chemically
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Mass Spectrometry MS Interpretation General Interpretation Strategies i Wherever you see this symbol‚ it is important to access the on-line course as there is interactive material that cannot be fully shown in this reference manual. Aims and Objectives Aims and Objectives Aims • Introduces students to the principles of mass spectral interpretation. • Present fundamental concepts regarding mass spectral interpretation Objectives At the end of this Section you should be able to: •
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63.08% Discussion This experiment involved the addition of trans-cinnamic acid to bromine for the production of 2‚3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanoic acid. This process depicted an electrophilic addition of a halogen to an asymmetrically substituted alkene. A result of this process was the presence of a stereospecific bromonium ion formed by the mechanism of the reaction. The mixing of 2.5g of trans-cinnamic acid with 14.6 ml of 10% bromine in dichloromethane over a low heat enable to increase the
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it is used to oxidize the benzoic acid as well as acting as a catalyst for the reaction. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a very strong oxidant which is able to react with many functional groups‚ such as secondary alcohols‚ 1‚2-diols‚ aldehydes‚ alkenes‚ oximes‚ sulfides and thiols. It is heated under a reflux‚ this (heating in a flask with a condenser placed vertically in it) prevents any aldehyde formed in the reaction escape and allow it to have time to be oxidized to carboxylic acid.
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SUMMARY OF ORGANIC REACTIONS SECTION 1 - ALIPHATIC Aldehydes and ketones |Type of reaction |Mechanism | |1. oxidation (aldehydes only): aldehyde ( carboxylic acid |n/a | | | | |reagents: potassium
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do this is to use a chemical test. There are multiple chemical tests that can be used‚ one of them being the bromine test. A bromine test is used to verify whether an OH group is present or not. Another test is used with KMNO4 to test whether and alkene is present or not. Using both chemical tests and infrared spectroscopy to analyze the substance it
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